ELA semster exam review

Question 1

What is a collegial discussion?

Answer 1

mutually respectful conversation between student colleagues in group or classroom environment

Question 2

What is active listening?

Answer 2

giving full attention to a speaker and responding in a way that improves mutual understanding

Question 2

Why is active listening important in discusions?

Answer 2

The first step in being part of either a debate or discussion is employing effective active listening skills. These require each person to give their full attention to whoever is speaking, and then responding in ways that support and improve everyone’s understanding. Along with careful listening, debates and discussions rely on people remembering to use their best manners (no interrupting!).

Question 3

justify claim

Answer 3

This claim is supported by evidence, which includes facts, statistics, quotations, or other pieces of information that can be verified by a source. Facts and quotations, however, can support a variety of claims.

Question 4

Claims

Answer 4

the main argument of an argumentative essay or text. a statement of the writer’s position on a topic

Question 5

counterclaims

Answer 5

a claim that is the opposite of the main argument of an argumentative text to disprove an opposing argument

Question 6

rebuttals

Answer 6

to disprove an opposing argument

Question 7

Rhetoric

Answer 7

the art of using language to persuade; rhetoric, or the art of persuasion, was based on three things: the character of the speaker, the emotional state of the listener, and the argument itself.

Question 8

ethos

Answer 8

an appeal to authority and credibility

Question 9

kairos

Answer 9

an appeal to time

Question 10

logos

Answer 10

an appeal to logic

Question 11

pathos

Answer 11

an appeal to emotion

Question 12

connotation

Answer 12

connotation the idea or feeling a word invokes in addition to its literal meaning

Question 13

denotation

Answer 13

the literal meaning of a word

Question 14

tone

Answer 14

the attitude an author shows toward their subject. an author’s attitude toward their subject matter and their audience, as expressed through their choice of language

Question 15

ad hominem

Answer 15

an argument that attacks someone’s character or motives

Question 16

false analogy

Answer 16

an argument that because things are alike in one way, they are alike in others

Question 17

fallacy

Answer 17

an unsound argument based on false or illogical evidence

Question 18

false dichotomy

Answer 18

an argument that limits options to two opposite choices

Question 19

gambler’s fallacy

Answer 19

an argument that bases decisions on the false belief that random occurrences are somehow predictive of future outcomes

Question 20

seminal document

Answer 20

a document, such as a speech, law, treaty, or legal decision, that has influenced or helped shape the nation’s culture

Question 21

bias

Answer 21

a personal feeling in favor of or against something

Question 22

peer review

Answer 22

If the source is scientific in nature, check if it is peer-reviewed. When a researcher submits a study for publication, reputable journals will do a peer review by having other experts in the field read the study. This helps ensure that the researcher hasn’t made a mistake or manipulated the results.

Question 23

noun clauses, coordinating conjunction, types of sentences
(simple, compound, and complex)

Answer 23

All sentences have at least one clause; a clause a group of words that includes a subject and a verb.

Question 24

depedent clause

Answer 24

has a subject and a predicate but does not form a sentence and cannot stand on its own. Dependent clauses depend on another clause to complete the thought.

Question 25

Example of dependet clauses

Answer 25

**When teenagers have more time to sleep**, they are more likely to perform well in school. A dependent clause can be identified by the use of a subordinating conjunction at the beginning of the clause. Subordinating conjunctions (a connecting word or phrase that introduces a dependent clause) show the relationship between the ideas in an independent and dependent clause. In this sentence, the subordinating conjunction is when.

Question 26

Other common subordinating conjunctions include the following:

Answer 26

after before once although because unless wherever

Question 27

noun clause

Answer 27

A noun clause is a group of words that work together to act as a noun. As with any clause, a noun clause must contain a subject and a verb. it is also a type of depedent clasue.

Question 28

does this have a noun clasue:Whether a student does well on a test depends on many factors.

Answer 28

The clause whether a student does well on a test is a noun clause. It contains the subordinating conjunction whether, a subject, a student, and a verb, does. You can identify a noun clause by seeing if you can replace the clause with a noun or pronoun: It depends on many factors. In this sentence, the noun clause is replaced by the noun it, and the sentence retains its meaning. However, the sentence with the noun clause provides much more detail.

Question 29

What is a compound sentence

Answer 29

A compound sentence is a sentence that contains two or more independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction. The most common coordinating conjunctions are and, but, and or.

Question 30

Compound Sentence example

Answer 30

My parents like walking in the forest, but they don’t like forests with large animals.

Question 31

What is a complex senstence

Answer 31

a sentence that contains an independent clause and at least one dependent clause joined by a subordinating conjunction

Question 32

Example of a complex sentece

Answer 32

Separate Sentences All students should have access to the internet, she believes. There need to be equal research opportunities, she believes. Complex Sentence She believes that students should have equal access to the internet because there need to be equal research opportunities.

Question 33

simple sentece

Answer 33

A simple sentence consists of just one independent clause

Question 34

What are reactaion shot

Answer 34

reaction shot – image created when action onscreen shifts to a separate shot showing how a character or characters react

Question 35

wide shot

Answer 35

wide shot – image created when a camera films something from far away

Question 36

close up shot

Answer 36

close-up shot – image created when a camera focuses tightly on a person’s face or on another object

Question 37

Affects of sound and visual effects

Answer 37

These sound and visual effects affect both your experience and understanding of the media, which may differ. The experience involves using your senses to see and hear what is happening, but understanding comes from analyzing what you see and hear. That analysis should be done to be clear about the media’s messages, so you can decide where you stand in relation to those messages.

Question 38

What is copyright

Answer 38

copyright – the right, under the law, to make copies of, publish, sell, or distribute an image, written work, or music composition. Copyright is the part of the law that deals with the right to make copies of, sell, distribute, and publish original work. Copyright law says that only the owner and creator of the work has the right to do these things. If anyone else tries to, it is punishable by law.

Question 39

fair use

Answer 39

– the right to use a limited amount of copyrighted material in your own work for a valid purpose such as review, parody, or teaching

Question 40

fast pacing affect plot

Answer 40

An author who wishes to move the story forward quickly and avoid irrelevant or redundant details may skip ahead in time, often using a transitional phrase such as “Many years later.” Authors who want to build suspense will speed up the pacing by using dialogue and short sentences or pivot away from the main plot to a parallel plot.

Question 41

slow pacing affect plot

Answer 41

If an author wants to introduce a sense of tension or mystery, they may slow down the pacing with long descriptive or reflective passages. The effect is to slow readers down.

Question 42

dramtic irony

Answer 42

when the reader knows something that the characters do not know

Question 43

What dramtic irony about

Answer 43

Dramatic irony is about differing points of view. By choosing to provide readers with information that is withheld from one or more characters, authors create two different points of view on events or characters in a story. The readers have a more inclusive point of view, so they can anticipate outcomes. The characters, on the other hand, are in the dark about important information, which affects how they react to other characters and to situations.

Question 44

situational irony

Answer 44

– a literary device in which an outcome is opposite or completely different from what is expected

Question 45

Why do author use situational irony

Answer 45

Authors also use situational irony to heighten interest, add humor or depth and meaning, deliver moral messages, or create surprise endings.

Question 46

When does situational irony occur

Answer 46

Situational irony occurs when something happens in an unexpected story.

Question 47

verbal irony

Answer 47

verbal irony – a literary device in which what is said differs from what is meant

Question 48

first-person point of view

Answer 48

the perspective of a narrator who is a character in the story and tells the story using the pronouns I and me

Question 49

Second person point of veiw

Answer 49

the perspective of a narrator who tells the story to the reader using the pronoun you

Question 50

third-person limited point of view

Answer 50

the perspective of a narrator who is outside the story but has access to the thoughts and experiences of only one character

Question 51

third-person omniscient point of view

Answer 51

the perspective of a narrator who is outside the story and knows everything about all the characters

Question 52

third-person omniscient point of view vs third-person limited point of view

Answer 52

Third-person omniscient point of view: The narrator exists outside the story and knows everything about all the characters. This narrator uses the pronouns he, she, and they to provide a bird’s eye view of what the characters think, feel, and do. Third-person limited point of view: The narrator is outside the story but only has access to the thoughts, feelings, and actions of one specific character. In some stories, the limited point of view may roam from one character to another.

Question 53

symbolism,

Answer 53

symbolism – the use of images or words to stand for something else

Question 54

personification

Answer 54

giving human characteristics to animals, inanimate objects, ideas, or forces of nature

Question 55

simile

Answer 55

a figure of speech that compares two unlike things by saying something is like something else

Question 56

metaphor

Answer 56

a figure of speech that compares two unlike things by saying something is something else

Question 57

Why do authors use figurative lanuage

Answer 57

Writers use figurative language to create pictures in a reader’s mind, make their writing more memorable, and provide deeper meanings.

Question 58

mood

Answer 58

the feeling or emotion that a piece of literature or an artwork evokes

Question 59

tone vs mood

Answer 59

mood is the feeling or emotion that a piece of literature or an artwork evokes vs tone is the attitude an author shows toward their subject. an author’s attitude toward their subject matter and their audience, as expressed through their choice of language

Question 60

inference

Answer 60

inference – conclusion formed from evidence and reasoning

Question 61

Objective vs subjective

Answer 61

Objective means making an unbiased, balanced observation based on facts which can be verified. Subjective means making assumptions, making interpretations based on personal opinions without any verifiable facts. Objective observations or assessments can be used before arriving at any decisions.