Elbow

Question 1

How many bones in elbow complex?

Answer 1

3: humerus, ulna, radius

Question 2

How many joint categories in the elbow?

Answer 2

Elbow joint:
1. humeroulnar
2. humeroradial

Radioulnar joints:
1. Superior
2. middle
3. inferior
radioulnar

Question 3

So why does the medial part of trochlea project further distally down than lateral?

Answer 3

The carrying angle help lift, clearing the hips, not banging our sides to the legs

Question 4

Ulna is relative to the humerus at what angle?

Answer 4

15 for women

10 for male

Question 5

What is cubitus varus and valgus?

Answer 5

Malalignment of distal humerus

Increase carry angle: Cubitus valgus

Decreased carrying angle: cubitis varus

Question 6

Complications of cubitis valgus and varus?

Answer 6

change in carrying angle, ulnar nerve neuritis and osteoarthritis

wears down hyaline cartilage

Pain further down forearm

Question 7

Three fossae of the distal humerus?

Answer 7

Olecranon fossa posterior view
- for olecranon process for ulna

Radial (above capitilum) and coronoid (trochlea) anterior
- head of radius and coronoid process of ulna

Question 8

Proximal ulna

Answer 8

2 processes:

1. olecranon process: for triceps and anconeus
2. coronoid process: Brachilias

Question 9

Radioulnar joints action is

Answer 9

Pronation and supination

Question 10

Radioulnar joints involve what three joints

Answer 10

1. Superior radioulnar (major movement)
   - synovial pivot
   - between radial head and radial notch
2. Middle radioulnar:
   - fibrous syndesmosis
   - oblique downward fibres, weight trasnfer from radius to ulnar
3. Inferior radioulnar:
   - synovial pivot
   - ulna head and ulnar notch of radius
   - triangular fibrocartilage complex: intraarticular disc, radioulnar lig, supportive cushioning for weight bear

Question 11

Elbow movemetns

Answer 11

flex, extend:
- head of humerus and capitulum of humerus
- trochlea notch of ulna and trochlea of humerus

pronation and supination:
- head of radius and radial notch of ulna

Question 12

What does pronation and supination involve?

Answer 12

Radius swings over ulna, bones not parallel

supination is original position

Question 13

Do the superior radioulnar joint act alone during pronation?

Answer 13

No, always accompanied by inferior radioulnar joint

acts as a functional unit together

Question 14

Elbow joint capsule

Answer 14

• fibrous capsule around proximal margin of trochlea and capitlum

do not attach to radius so it can still move

Question 15

What is the elbow joint capsule stabilised by

Answer 15

medial/ulnar collateral lig (valgus forces)

Lateral/radial collateral lig (varus forces)

Annular lig; wrap around top of radius attach to radial notch of ulna

Brachialis muscle

Question 16

Further accesorries to elbow capsule?

Answer 16

1. fatpads between synovial mem and fibrous capsule:
   - shock absorb
   - cornoid, radial and olecranono fossa
2. Bursae:
   - friction
   - between olecranon fossa and fat

Question 17

Arm flexor compartment anterior

Answer 17

Long head biceps brachii: Supraglenoid tubercle on humerus

Short head:
coracoid process

long and short ends at radius tuberosity

brachialis attach to humerus body end at coronoid process of ulna

Coracobrachialis: Start at coracoid on scapula, end at humerus body

Question 18

Actions of biceps brachii

Answer 18

flex elbow and shoulder, supinate

Question 19

Actions of coracobrachialis

Answer 19

flex, internal rotate, adduction shoulder joint only

Question 20

Action of brachilis

Answer 20

Flexion

Question 21

What innervates the anterior arm flexor muscles?

Answer 21

muscultaneous

Question 22

arm extensor posterior

Answer 22

1. triceps brachii:
   - long, lateral, remove long for medial
   - long attach to infraglenoid tubercle
   - lateral and medial attachto superior and inferior radial groove respectively
   - only LONG cross shoulder joint
   - all heads attach to olecranon process

Question 23

What innervates the triceps?

Answer 23

radial nerve

Question 24

Extensor of elbow posterior of the arm (forearm):

Answer 24

Anconeus: Short muscle
- origin at humerus (lateral epicondyle, posterior aspect)
- insert at ulna olecranon process

Extends elbow joint, stabilise

assist triceps

Question 25

Posterior forearm: elbow flexor

Answer 25

Brachioradialis: - origin supraepicondylar ridge, insert styloid process of radius - exception of elbow (posterior normally extends, but this flexes)\ - mid pronation MOST EFFECTIVE (lift, carry)

Question 26

When does pronator teres and pronator quadratus contract?

Answer 26

During pronation

Question 27

Which muscles pull pronation back into supination?

Answer 27

Supinator and biceps brachii

Question 28

Cubital fossa borders

Answer 28

floor: brachialis muscle Superior border: line between epicondyles (bones) medial border: pronator teres lateral: Brachioradialis roof: skin, fascia

Question 29

Contents of cubital fossa

Answer 29

lateral to medial: 1. radial nerve 2. biceps brachii tendon 3. brachial artery (bifurcates apex into radial and ulnar) 4. median nerve (between pronator teres major heads) SUPERFICIAL ontop everything Median cubital vein (superficial)