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Semester 4 PM Exam 4 > Elbow Imaging > Flashcards

Elbow Imaging Flashcards

(56 cards)

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1
Q

Elbow fractures are common in

A

children

Account for 15% of all fractures and about 50% of UE fx in those under 18 yo

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2
Q

What is often mistaken as a fracture

A

secondary ossification centers

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3
Q

Long bones (humerus) primary ossification

A

8 wks gestation

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4
Q

At birth - what is ossified

A

Shaft of humerus, ulna, and radius

Articulating surfaces of these bones are still cartilaginous

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5
Q

Development of secondary ossification centers - fuse earlier in who

A

females

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6
Q

What is the acronym for secondary ossification centers

A 
C - capitulum = 1 yr
R - radius = 3 yr
I - internal (med) epicondyle = 5 yr
T - trochlea = 7
O - olecranon = 9
E - external (lat) epicondyle = 11
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7
Q

Ages of secondary ossification centers are ____ but

A

Debated

But order of appearance is agreed upon

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8
Q

What is the first to appear and when

A

Capitulum

1-2 years

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9
Q

Capitulum fuses with what and when

A

Fuses with the trochlea and lateral epicondyle during puberty

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10
Q

Secondary ossification center - radius

A

about 3 years old

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11
Q

Fusion - radius

A

15 years F

17 years M

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12
Q

Secondary ossification center - med epicondyle

A

4 years old

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13
Q

Fustion - med epicondyle

A

16 years female

18 years male

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14
Q

What is the last epiphysis to fuse

A

Medial epicondyle

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15
Q

Secondary ossification center - trochlea

A

about 7 years old

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16
Q

Fusion - trochlea

A

More irregularity than other elbow areas

First with capitulum and then with lateral epicondyle (during puberty) and then with humerus

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17
Q

Olecranon begins ossification when

A

9 years old

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18
Q

Olecranon closes when

A

15 years F

17 years M

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19
Q

Last ossification center to appear

A

Lateral epicondyle

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20
Q

When does the ossifcation center appear of the lateral epicondyle

A

10-12 years old

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21
Q

When does lat epicondyle fuse and what does it fuse to

A

During puberty
Fuses with capitulum and trochlea
14 years F, 17 years M

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22
Q

Routine projections of the elbow

A

AP
Lateral
Oblique (upon request) - Internal or External

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23
Q

AP Projection - provides a good view of what

Study These Flashcards
A

Distal humerus and proximal radius/ulna

24
Q

AP projection - position

Study These Flashcards
A

Arm placed in ER
Elbow extension
Forearm supination
ANATOMIC POSITION

25
Proximal radius is comprised of
Radial head Radial neck Radial tuberosity
26
Capitulum and radius - extended position
No contact
27
Olecranon - when elbow is extended it is between
the epicondyles and in the fossa
28
Displacement of a fat pad is indicative of
inflammation in the area, most often secondary to a fracture
29
Carrying angle - define and describe
Ulna angled in a lateral direction in relationship to the humerus 5-15 degrees Medial trochlea is more distal
30
A greater angulation of carrying angle seen on an AP radiograph can indicate what
possible fracture
31
Lateral projection - position
Elbow 90 flex | Forearm supination with thumb up
32
Lateral projection - what is placed next to the receptor | What direction does the ray go
Medial portion of the elbow | Central ray directed in a lateral to medial direction
33
Olecranon fracture - often due to
Traumatic force that impacts olecranon onto distal humerus | FOOSH - can cause transverse fx due to forced contraction of triceps
34
Olecranon fracture - what is more common - displaced or non
Displaced because of pull of triceps
35
The alignment of the radial head should be reviewed in relationship to
the capitulum
36
Teardrop area
Area where the epicondyles overlap
37
Disruption of teardrop area can indicate
supracondylar fx?
38
Oblique projection - when is it usually requested
pediatric trauma cases
39
Displaced ant fat pad AKA
sail sign
40
Internal oblique projection - position
Elbow extended | Forearm pronation
41
Central ray direction with internal oblique projection
Ant to Post
42
Internal oblique projection gives you a good view of what
Coronoid process | Also allows for close inspection of humeral ulnar articulation
43
External oblique projection - position
Elbow extension | Forearm supination
44
Central ray for external oblique projection
Anterior to Posterior
45
What is the most common oblique taken when fracture is suspected in children
External oblique projections
46
External oblique projection allows for examination of
``` Radial head Radial neck Radial tuberosity All without superiposition of the ulna All 3 elbow joints can be examined ```
47
Radius and ulna act as a ___ system
Ring system | Fx at any point may result in injury to another part of the ring
48
Standard projections for the forearm
Lateral and AP
49
Injury to forearm are said to occur in
proximal third, middle third, or distal third
50
What is visualized with AP forearm
Shafts of ulna and radius | Wrist and elbow joints too
51
What is visualized with lateral forearm
Shafts of ulna and radius | Wrist and elbow joints too
52
Proximal 1/3 - most common fracture
Monteggia fracture | Proximal ulnar fracture associated with radial head dislocations
53
Middle 1/3 - fractures in this area are common in
children
54
Middle 1/3 fracture that occurs in adults is usually due to ___ Often results in ___
high energy injuries | open fractures and neuro damage
55
A primary complication of middle 1/3 fracture
Compartment syndrome | Emergency care required - need a fasciotomy
56
Distal 1/3 - common type
Galeazzi fracture - seen in middle or distal 1/3 with accompanying dislocation of distal radioulnar joint and maybe also a fracture of the ulnar styloid

Semester 4 PM Exam 4 (10 decks)

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