electrical stimulation currents

Question 1

where the change in physiologic response can occurs

Answer 1

cellular, tissus, segmental, systematic

Question 2

what do the electrical field on the skin surface

Answer 2

Drives ions beneficial to the healing process into or through the skin

Question 3

effect of physiologic response to electrical current

Answer 3

direct: along line of current flow and under electrode
indirect:Remote to area of current flow and are usually the result of stimulating a natural physiologic event to occur

Question 4

excitability of muscle and nerve depend on

Answer 4

cell membrane voltage sensitive permeability

Question 5

potential difference is known as and why

Answer 5

resting potential because cell tries to maintain electrochemical gradient as its normal homeostatic environment

Question 6

what is the voltage sensitive permeability

Answer 6

Produces unequal distribution of charged ions on each side of the membrane
Creates a potential difference between the charge of the interior of cell and exterior of cell

Question 7

what is the active transport mechanism

Answer 7

Cell continually moves Na+ from inside cell to outside and balances this positive charge movement by moving K+ to the inside

Question 8

Na move from to and K move to

Answer 8

na: from inside to outside
K move inside

Question 9

electrical gradation is produce how

Answer 9

+ charge outside and - charge inside

Question 10

how does transmission of an impulse in nerve is create

Answer 10

resting membrane potential must be reduced below thresholds level

Question 11

what happen when the membrane potential fall below threshold

Answer 11

creating an action potential that propagates impulse along nerve in both directions causing depolarization of membrane

Question 12

what does the stimulus must have to depolarize a nerve

Answer 12

intensity and last long enoughStimulus must alter membrane so that a number of ions are pushed across membrane exceeding ability of the active transport pumps to maintain the resting potentials thus forcing membrane to depolarize resulting in an action potential

Question 13

what cause the current to flow to the inactive membrane

Answer 13

Difference in electrical potential between depolarized region and neighboring inactive regions causes the current to flow from depolarized region intercellular material to the inactive membrane

Question 14

how does the depolarization propagate through nerve fibre

Answer 14

flows through extracellular materials, back to the depolarized area, and finally into cell again
* Makes depolarization self propagating as process is repeated all along fiber in each direction from depolarization site.

Question 15

what happen when a nerve impulse reach effector organ or another nerve cell

Answer 15

impulse is transferred btw 2 at a motor end plate or a synapse

Question 16

what is release from the nerve when the impulse is transfer to motor end plate

Answer 16

transmitter substance is released from nerve and causes the other excitable tissue to disarcher = twitch muscle contraction

Question 17

T/F there is a gradation of response

Answer 17

F

Question 18

what is the chemical effect

Answer 18

stimulus is continuous and applied over a period of time

Question 19

what is tissue impedance

Answer 19

resistance to the passage of electrical current

Question 20

which tissus have high impedance

Answer 20

bone and fat

Question 21

which tissue have low impedance

Answer 21

nerve and muscle

Question 22

what happen if a low-impedance tissue is located under a large amount of high-impedance tissue

Answer 22

current will never become enough to cause depolarization

Question 23

what is current density

Answer 23

refer to the volume of current in the tissue

Question 24

curent density is highest where and diminish where

Answer 24

high at surface and diminish in deeper tissue

Question 25

how can we increase density in deeper tissue

Answer 25

move electrode further appart

Question 26

which type of electrode between active or dispersive create a greater current density

Answer 26

active

Question 27

which type of electrode between active or dispersive create a lesser current density

Answer 27

dispersive

Question 28

which type of electrode btw active or dispersive are larger

Answer 28

dispersive

Question 29

how can we change current density

Answer 29

change size of electrode change spacing of electrode

Question 30

effect of frequency

Answer 30

effect type of muscle contraction and effect mechanism of pain modulation

Question 31

what happen when we increase the intensity

Answer 31

cause the current to reach deeper tissue excite smaller fibers and finer farther away

Question 32

how can we reach deeper tissue

Answer 32

increase intensity

Question 33

how can we excite the closest and largest fibers

Answer 33

stimulus pulse at a duration-intensity above threshold

Question 34

how can we excite smaller and farther aways fibers

Answer 34

increase intensity and increase duration

Question 35

what happen if we keep the same intensity but increase the length of time

Answer 35

can stimulate more nerve fibers

Question 36

which type of nerve (large or smaller) are the easier to be stimulated

Answer 36

large

Question 37

which type of nerve (deep or superficial) are the easiest to be stimulated

Answer 37

superficial

Question 38

T/F small sensory nerve are more excitable than motor nerve

Answer 38

F

Question 39

which one btw motor nerve and pain fibre are more excitable

Answer 39

motor nerve

Question 40

what is a anode

Answer 40

Positive Electrode With Lowest Concentration of Electrons

Question 41

what is a cathode

Answer 41

Negative Electrode With Greatest Concentration of Electrons

Question 42

what is polarity switch

Answer 42

Designates One Electrode As Positive and One As Negative

Question 43

where are negative electrode positioned

Answer 43

distally

Question 44

which type of reaction for positive pole

Answer 44

acidic

Question 45

which pole decreased nerve irritability

Answer 45

positive

Question 46

which pole attracted negative ion

Answer 46

positive

Question 47

which pole softened tissue

Answer 47

negative

Question 48

what is the reaction of negative pole

Answer 48

alkaline

Question 49

characteritic of negastive pole

Answer 49

Attracts + Ions Alkaline Reaction Softening of Tissues Increased Nerve Irritability

Question 50

charactistic of positive pole

Answer 50

attract - ions acidic rx hardening of tissue decreased nerve irratibility

Question 51

where can electrode can be place

Answer 51

on or around painful area Over specific dermatomes, myotomes, or sclerotomes that correspond to the painful area – Close to spinal cord segment that innervates an area that is painful – Over sites where peripheral nerves that innervate the painful area becomes superficial and can be easily stimulatedOver superficial vascular structures – Over trigger point locations – Over acupuncture points – In a criss-cross pattern around the point to be stimulated so the area to be treated is central to the location of the electrodes

Question 52

what is russian current

Answer 52

deliver medium frequency 2000-10000 hz, polyphasic AC wave

Question 53

pulse of russian current

Answer 53

50-250 usec and the phase duration is half of the puls duration of 25-125 usec

Question 54

sine wave produced in which mode and how many % duty cycle

Answer 54

burst and 50%

Question 55

dark shade area in russian current represent

Answer 55

total current

Question 56

light shade reprensent what in russian current

Answer 56

total current without interbust interval

Question 57

what happen when current is generate with burst effect

Answer 57

total current is decreased allowing tolerance of greater current intensity

Question 58

what happen with higher frequency with russian current

Answer 58

reduce resistance to current flow making wave form comfortable enough to tolerate higher intensities -> help recruite deeper nerve

Question 59

russiant current is what and what does it does

Answer 59

fast oscillating AC current, as soon as nerve repolarizes it is stimulated again, producing a current that will maximally summate muscle contraction

Question 60

what is interferential. current

Answer 60

make use of 2 separates generators and produce sine wavec at different frequencies

Question 61

what happen when a second generator is added

Answer 61

it can be summative-amplitude which means the electric waves are combined and increase, they originate at the same time it can be generated out of sync and cancel each other

Question 62

what is a destructive interference

Answer 62

when 2 wave are generated out of sync and cancel each other

Question 63

what is a constructive interference

Answer 63

when 2 wave are general at the same time and add up to each other

Question 64

how a beat pattern can be create

Answer 64

when 2 generator have slighty difference frequencies and are out of phase

Question 65

what heterodyne effect

Answer 65

blending of wave caused by constructive and destructive interference pattern

Question 66

what frequencies to use if we want muscle contraction

Answer 66

20-50 pps

Question 67

what frequencies to uses if we want pain management

Answer 67

50-120 pps

Question 68

what frequencies to use for acustim pain relief

Answer 68

1 pps

Question 69

when using 50 -120 pps for pain management we are using gate control or opiode response

Answer 69

gate control

Question 70

when using 1 pps for acustim pain relief we are using opiode response or gate control

Answer 70

opiode response

Question 71

how can we reach max pain relief

Answer 71

center the painful area with the electrode (place them in square) which allow interferential current to passed through a homogenous medium a predictable pattern

Question 72

why do we use opiode response to have max effect of pain relief

Answer 72

because of its longer effect

Question 73

how does an electrical fiel is created

Answer 73

when 2 current cross between line of electtric current flow

Question 74

where does maximum interference effect take place

Answer 74

near center, with field gradually decrease in strength as it move awayer from center

Question 75

what is stereodynamic effect

Answer 75

when another set of electrode create a 3D flower effect

Question 76

what do the scanning interferential current

Answer 76

move force around