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physics igcse > electricity and magnetism- topic 4 > Flashcards

electricity and magnetism- topic 4 Flashcards

1
Q

what happens when magnets are free to move

A

they line up with the earths poles

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2
Q

what are magnetic materials

A

iron and steel, nickel and cobalt
(materials that can be used to make magnets, can be magnetised easily)

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3
Q

what does it mean to be magnetically soft/ hard

A

soft= loses its magnetisim easily
hard= retains its magnetism

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4
Q

what are permenant magnets made of

A

steel, because its magnetically hard

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5
Q

attraction and repulsion law

A

oposites attract, like poles repulse

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6
Q

explain induced magnetism

A

stroke a steel nail with a permanent magnet
steel becomes a magnet

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7
Q

how may a magnet be demagnetised

A

heating and/ or hitting with a hammer
more effective if placing magnet inside ac coil and slowly removing it

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8
Q

magnetic field

A

region where a magnetic pole experiences a force
always from north to south

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9
Q

how are iron fillings used

A

to show the magnetic field lines around a magnet (from n to s)

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10
Q

what is the only test for magnets

A

repulsion

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11
Q

how do you make a permenant magnet

A

place steel rod inside coil use high dc current for some time, turn current off and then remove rod

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12
Q

how do you increase the strength of an electro magnet

A

use iron core
more current
more turns in wire

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13
Q

what are examples of electromagnet

A

electric bells
loud speakers
some microphones
scrap car lift

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14
Q

properties of permenant magnets vs temporary

A

permenant- permenantly mgnetised, made of steel, magnetism doesnt vary in strength, magnetic poles cant be altered

temporary magnets- temporarily magnetise, made of soft materials, magnetism can be varied in strength, magnet poles can be altered

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15
Q

state difference between magnetic or non magnetic materials

A

magnetic materials can also repulse along with attracting, non magnetic can only attract not repulse

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16
Q

what is the direction of a magnetic field at a point

A

the direction of a magnetic field at a
point is the direction of the force on the N pole of a magnet at that point

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17
Q

what are magnets

A

objects which experience attraction and repulsion
like poles repulse
unlike poles attract

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18
Q

describe magnetic materials

A

Experience a force when placed in a magnetic field
Are attracted to a magnet when unmagnetised
Can be magnetised to form a magnet
are not repulsed

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19
Q

describe non magnetic materials

A

Non-magnetic materials do not experience a force when placed in a magnetic field

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20
Q

describe uses for permenant magnets

A

compasses- navigation
toys, fridge magnets

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21
Q

describe electromagnets

A

Electromagnets use electricity to create a magnet from a current-carrying wire
They have the advantage that they can be magnetised and demagnetised, literally at the flick of a switch
They can be switched on and off
Soft iron is the metal normally used for this
It can easily become a temporary magnet

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22
Q

describe uses for electromagnets

A

mri scanners, speakers/ headphones,

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23
Q

how is the relative strength of a magnetic field represented in a drawing

A

by the proximity of the lines
closer= stronger

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24
Q

what are magnetic forces due to

A

interactions between magnetic fields

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25
Q

how do you test whether a material is a magnet

A

should be brought close to a known magnet
If it can be repelled by the known magnet then the material itself is a magnet
If it can only be attracted and not repelled then it is a magnetic material

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26
Q

difference between parmenant magnet and induced magnets

A

permenant- normally made of steel, produce its own magnetic field
It will not lose its magnetism

induced-One end of the material will become a north pole,The other end will become a south pole
Magnetic materials will always be attracted to a permanent magnet
This means that the end of the material closest to the magnet will have the opposite pole to magnets pole closest to the material
also can lose magnetism easily

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27
Q

induced magnetism

A

When a magnetic material is placed in a magnetic field, the material can temporarily be turned into a magnet

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28
Q

uniform magnetic field

A

same strength and direction at all point
equal spacing between lines and all should point same direction

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29
Q

what are two ways used to draw magnetic field lines

A

with iron fillings, or with compasses, put around magnet and draw

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30
Q

what are the two types of electric charges an object may have

A

positive or negative

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31
Q

what is law of attraction and repulsion

A

oppoistes attract like repell

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32
Q

electric charge is measure in…

A

coulumbs (C)

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33
Q

electrostatic repulsion is caused by…

A

force between charges

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34
Q

what are expirments to show electrosatic charges

A

charge a rod by friction eg. glass using a cloth or silk tie, then suspend it and put it near another charged material, see if repulses or attracts

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35
Q

charging of solids by friction involves
only a transfer of….

A

negative charge aka, electrons, only negative charges are able to move

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36
Q

what do all charged objects create

A

an electric field around tiself, shown by electric field lines, Fields lines always point away from positive charges and towards negative charges

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37
Q

The direction of the field lines in an electric field is described as:

A

The direction of the force on a positive charge at that point

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38
Q

electric field

A

a region in which an
electric charge experiences a force

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39
Q

Field Lines Between Two Oppositely Charged Parallel Conducting Plates

A

always from positive to negative, paraller straight lines

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40
Q

key difference between conductors and insulators

A

Conductors allow charge carriers to freely move
Insulators do not allow charge carriers to move
due to the difference in their internal structure

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41
Q

describe conductors

A

conductors carry charge easily, due to their strcture of postiive ions and sea of delocolised electrons
positive ions vibrate and electrons move freely, thus both carry charge easily
usually made of metals

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42
Q

describe insultors

A

do not carry charge qucikly, but carries some, as no delocolised electrons only way to carry charge is through ion vibration hitting neighbouring ion, (static electricity)

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43
Q

how do you test for conductors vs insulators

A

using gold leaf electroscope, charge plate of gle, gold leaf stands up, touch gle plate with item being tested;
leaf falls quickly- good conductor
leaf remains up- insultor/ bad conductor
leaf falls slowly- poor conductor

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44
Q

electric current

A

the amount of charge passing a point in a circuit every second
current (amps)= charge (culoumbs)/ time (seconds)

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45
Q

describe dc current

A

used in cells/ bateries
electrons flow in one direction only, from the negative terminal to the positive terminal
in graph of current X time, line is parallel to x axis, remains same the whole time

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46
Q

describe ac current

A

mains electricity or generators
The direction of electron flow changes direction regularly
in graph for current X time, ac current line is squigly pattern switching from positive to negative current

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47
Q

current is measure in

A

ammeters in amps which measure the amount of charge passing through them per unit time,
always connected in series

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48
Q

movement of convectional current

A

from psotive to negative

49
Q

movement of electrons

A

from negative to positive

50
Q

analogue ammeters

A

with a needle and scale
Typical ranges are 0.1-1.0 A and 1.0-5.0 A
could igve “zero errors” or parallax errors

51
Q

digital ammeters

A

with an electronic read out
can measure very small currents
more accurate, more specific and accurate
may flicker between values

52
Q

in metals currents are formed because of

A

flow of electrons which are delocolised, moving through the material

53
Q

emf

A

The electrical work done by a source in moving a unit charge around a complete circuit
measure in volts
emf= work done ( joules )/ charge (culoumbs)

54
Q

potential difference

A

The work done by a unit charge passing through a component measure in volts (v)
v=work done (joules)/ charge (culoumbs)

55
Q

how is potential difference measure

A

using voltmeter either digital or analogue, connected in parallel with component being tested

56
Q

equation for resistance

A

resistance (in ohms)= voltage (v)/ current (amps)

57
Q

relationshiop between length and diameter area with resistance

A

bigger the legnth the bigger the resistance, direct porportion
bigger the diameter smaller the reisstance, inversely porpoprtional

58
Q

state ohms law

A

current is porportional to voltage at a constant temp

59
Q

describe voltage current graphs

A

for a reistor, it obeys ohms law, straight line from origin,
for a lamp, as the temp increases, ohms law isnt obeyed, graph is a curve (current in x and voltage in y, curve facing up, vs, current in y and voltage in x, curve facing down)

60
Q

what happens to resistance and why when we icnrease temp

A

resistance increases, because metal ions oscillate more making harder for conduction electrons to travel

61
Q

describe how electrical circuits transfer energy

A

from source of electrical energy such as a cell, or mains supply, to the circuit components and then into the surroundings as thermal energy

62
Q

equations for power

A

power(watts)=voltage (volts) * current (amps)
power(watts)=work(joules/ work= change in energy)/ time (sec)
power= currnet. ˆ2 * resistance
power= voltage ^2/ resistance

63
Q

equation for electrical energy

A

electrical energy (joules) =voltage (volts) * current (amps) * time (sec)

64
Q

what is meant by killowhat hour

A

another unit for electrical energy used for payment of electricity
to calculate:
watts * time (seconds)

65
Q

voltage in series

A

=voltage 1 + voltage 2

66
Q

current in series

A

same everywhere

67
Q

resistance in series

A

= reistance 1 + resistance 2

68
Q

voltage in parallel

A

same verywhere

69
Q

current in parallel

A

= current 1 +current 2

70
Q

resistance in parallel

A

= resistance1 * resistance2/ resistance 1 +resistance 2

71
Q

advantages of parallel circuits

A

all components can be switched off independatly
if one lamp breaks others still work
resistance is smaller so current in cell is greater

72
Q

as resistance increases what happens to voltage in constant currnet

A

increases

73
Q

what does a potential divider do

A

controls output voltage altering ratio fo resitance accros differnet components eg. light dimmers

74
Q

equation for potential dividers

A

Vout= (r1/ r1 + r2) * Vin

75
Q

transducers

A

device that changes forms of energy eg. thermistors and LDR

76
Q

thermistor

A

type of transducer
high temp- low resistance
low temp- high resistance

77
Q

LDR

A

type of transducer
light- low resistance
dark- high resistance

78
Q

diode

A

semi conductor allows curent to pass in one direction only, follows direction of convectional current to work

79
Q

half wave retrification

A

when diode converts ac-dc, but only receives positive current= 1/2 wave
in graph of voltage against time, current waves only in positive side however with straight line in 0 between each full wave

80
Q

full wave retrification

A

diode converts ac-dc, in graph plotting voltage agaisnt time, no space between waves of ac only in positve side

81
Q

damaged insulation

A

short ciruit can cause heat and fire
risk of electric shock

82
Q

overheated cables

A

too much current causes heat

83
Q

damp conditions

A

water conducts electricity better than air but less well than metals

84
Q

excess current

A

from overloading of plugs,
extension leads, single and multiple sockets
when using a mains supply can lead to overheating cables, and fires

85
Q

what are fuses

A

thin metal wires, melt or blow when too much current flow through them, thus cutting off the circuit
symbol= rectangle with line in the middle

86
Q

trip switches

A

opens a switch when too much current flows, works faster than a fuse, circuit can be reset,
too much current coil becomes a strong magnet

87
Q

when is no earth wire needed

A

when electrical device has plastic insulation in between wires and case= double insulation

88
Q

mains electricity 3 wires

A

live wire- has alternating voltage, fuse and switch, brown
neutral wire- kept at 0V, blue
earth wire- connects case of electrical apparatus, together with fuse earth wire will cut off electricity supply if fault with electrical device, to prevent shock, yellow and green

89
Q

what do all current carrying conductors or moving electrons have

A

a magnetic field around them

90
Q

how do you draw magnetic fields around a wire

A

magnetic field stronger closest to the wire thus when drawing lines are closer together
greater current results in a stronger field

91
Q

right hand grip rule 1

A

thumb-convectional current from positive to negative
fingers- magnetic field direction

92
Q

fight hand grip rule 2

A

for solenoids
thumb= points to north pole
fingers= conventional currne tin coil

93
Q

how do you reverse magnetic field direction

A

reverse cell
wrap wire in opposite direction

94
Q

how do you icnrease srength of magnet

A

more turns of coil
more current
wrap wire on an iron core

95
Q

whenever a current is at right angles to magnetic field

A

experiences a force at right angles to both, due to interaction between the currents magnetic field and permenant magnetic field, work out the direction of the force using flemings left hand rule

96
Q

flemings left hand rule

A

first finger= n-s
second finger= convectional current
thumb= force

97
Q

force between 2 current carrying wires

A

like current attract
opposites repel
magnetic field of one wire itneracts with the magnetic field of the second wire cuaisng wires to either attract or repel

98
Q

what is a relay

A

a magnetic switch, when a circuit with small current turn on another with large current
1- switch is closed, small current magnitises coil
2- iron reeds are attracted and close, current flows to other circuit
if relay not used thick heavy expensive cables would be used instead

99
Q

how do you make a permenant magnet

A

place steel rod inside a coil use high dc current for a time, turn off current and then remove rod

100
Q

how to demagnetise a magnet

A

place magnet inside a coilusing ac current then slowly remove magnet from coil with ac left on

101
Q

describe dc electric mottor

A

current + magnetic field = force
sides of coil have magnetic field which itneracts with permenant magnet producing a force
calculate force direction with felmmings eft hand rule
when coil vertical to magnetic field lines, no current, keeps moving due to inertia/momentum
max when horizontal/ parallel to magnetic field lines of permanent magnets
commutator= changes direction of current in coil every 1/2 turnso coil rotates in same direction and constantly
brushes- connects commutator to circuit

102
Q

how do you reverse rotation of dc mottor

A

reverse current or magnetic field

103
Q

how do you increase rotation speed of dc mottor

A

more current
more turns on coil
stronger magnetic field

104
Q

describe the loudpseaker

A

converts electrical energy to sound energy
ac in coil makes alternating magnetic field in coil
which interacts with permenant magnetic field
makes paper cone move in and out producing sound waves
high freuqency ac- high frequency sound waves
large voltage ac- loud sound waves

105
Q

what happens to a static electric when out in between two oppositely charged plates

A

accelerates towards positive plate

106
Q

what happens to a moving electric when entering in between two oppositely charged plates

A

curves towards the psoitive plate

107
Q

what happens to moving electrons in magnetic fields

A

flemings left hand rule (moves opposite to convectional current)
if into page (current), curves down

108
Q

describe what happens when we move a current carrying wire through two magnets

A

movement of conductor + magnetism= induced current
conductor cuts the permenant magnetic field lines produced by permenant magnets, inducing a current, maximum induced when 90 degrees to magnetic field lines
no induced current when movement parallel to magnetic field lines
use flemings right hand rule

109
Q

how do you reverce induced current direction

A

reverse wire cutting movement
reverse magnetic field direction

110
Q

how do you increase induced current production

A

stronger magnetic field
use coil of wire
move wire more quickly

111
Q

flemings right hand rule

A

first finger=north to south
second finger= convectional current
thumb= force on wire

112
Q

describe a magnet mving into a solenoid

A

when either magnet or solenoid move, current is induced
magnetic field lines are cut by the coil whcih induces a current
when magnet is moved faster more field lines are cut per second increases the current produced, when magnet is pulled out induced current in opposite direction
more turns of coil or stronger magnetic field increases induced current due to more field line cutting

113
Q

what is lenzs law

A

direction of idnuced emf in the coil opposes change causing it
pull magnet of coil out of solenoid, magnets and solenoids poles are opposite, when pulling magnet in, poles are the same

114
Q

describe ac generator

A

movement of coil + magnetic field= induced emf
sides of coil cut magnetic field lines inducing an emf
the emf changes direction because for half a turn of the coil
emf changes size because there is a maximum induced emf when moving coil is horizontal= max rate of field line cutting, coil is vertical, no induced emf, sides of coil parallel to magnetic field lines, no cutting of lines
slip rings- connect coil to brush

115
Q

how do you increase size of induced emf in ac generator

A

increase magnetic field strength
increase number of coils
increase rate of rotation of coil

116
Q

why is a transformer used

A

to increase or decrease alternating p.d
so that power lins can carry a very high voltage and low current which results in low heat lost, most electricity reaches destination, so cheaper, less heavy cables used

117
Q

explain how a transformer works

A

alternating p.d in primary circuit, produces an alternating amgentic field in primary coil
alternating magnetic field travels in iron core and cuts secondary coil , inducing an alternating p.d in secondary circuit

118
Q

what are formulas used in transformers

A

number of turns primary coil/ number of truns secondary coil= primary voltage/ secondary voltage

voltage primary * current primary= voltage secondary * current secondary

119
Q

describe mutual induction

A

when you close switch pulse of current flows out ammeter deflects, then zero current when switched is opened, current flows in opposite direction
this is because magnetic field lines grow and cut coil

physics igcse (8 decks)

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