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CLIN CHEM LEC > ELECTRIPHOREISIS AND ELECTROCHEMISTRY > Flashcards

ELECTRIPHOREISIS AND ELECTROCHEMISTRY Flashcards

1
Q

→ A molecule that contains both acidic and basic groups

A

Ampholyte

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2
Q

The rate of migration of a charged solute in an electric
field, expressed per unit field strength.

A

● Electrophoretic Mobility

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3
Q

Preferential movement of water in one direction through
electrophoresis medium due to selective binding of one
type of charge on the surface of the medium.

A

Endosmosis

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4
Q

→ The migration of charged macromolecules.

A

Electrophoretogram

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5
Q

The migration of small charge ions.

A

Iontophoresis

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6
Q

The migration of charged macromolecules.

A

Zone Electrophoresis

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7
Q

is acetylated to form cellulose acetate by treating it
with acetic anhydride

A

Cellulose acetate

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8
Q

Different fractions of lipoproteins
based on their density

A

High-density lipoproteins (HDL)
▪ Low-density lipoproteins (LDL)
▪ Intermediate-density lipoproteins
(IDL)
▪ Very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL)

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9
Q

negatively charged

A

Cathode

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10
Q

positively charged

A

Anode

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11
Q

Versatile and powerful analytical technique capable of
separating and analyzing a diverse range of ionized analytes.

A

ELECTROPHORESIS

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12
Q

Macromolecules of interest:

A

Proteins in serum
→ Urine
→ Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
→ Erythrocytes and tissue and,
→ Other biologic body fluids

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13
Q

Separates by electrical charge
● A highly purified uncharged polysaccharide derived from agar
● Neutral; therefore, doesn’t produce electroendosmosis

A

Agarose gel

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14
Q

CONVENTIONAL ELECTROPHORESIS (4)

A

→ Separation
→ Staining
→ Detection
→ Quantification

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15
Q

Referred to as PAGE
Involves separation of protein on the basis of charge and
molecular size
● Layers of gel with different pore sizes are used

A

Polyacrylamide gel

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16
Q

Used to separate macromolecules on the basis of both
surface charge and molecular charge

A

Starch

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17
Q

Power supplies operating at either constant current or
constant voltage are available commercially.

A

DRIVING FORCE (ELECTRICAL POWER)

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18
Q

is a molecule whose net charge can be either
positive or negative

A

AMPHOLYTE

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19
Q

Serves as a multifunctional component in the electrophoretic
process

A

BUFFER

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20
Q

 Serum protein separation,
 Poor resolution, weak buffer

A

Barbitone buffer –
(around 8.0 pH)

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21
Q

Enzyme separation,
Low buffering capacity, high
conductivity

A

Phosphate buffer
– (around 7.0 pH)

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22
Q

Nucleic acid separation
 Good resolution, high buffering
capacity, low conductivity

A

Tris – borate –
EDTA buffer
(TBE) – (pH
around 8.0)

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23
Q

Nucleic acid separation
 High resolution, high buffering
capacity, low conductivity

A

Tris – acetate –
EDTA buffer
(TAE) – (pH
around 8.0)

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24
Q

Protein separation
 High buffering capacity, low
conductivity

A

Tris – glycine
buffer – (pH more
than 8.0)

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25
Q

Based on refractivity (the ability of the
substance to bend light)

A

REFRACTOMETRY

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26
Q

Involves the measurement of electrical signals associated
with chemical system that are incorporated into an
electrochemical cell

A

ELECTROCHEMISTRY

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27
Q

Converts chemical energy into electrical energy
● The redox reaction is spontaneous and is responsible for the
production of electrical energy

A

GALVANIC CELL

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28
Q

Also known as a salt bridge are required to complete the
circuit between the reference and without contaminating
anything

A

Liquid junction

29
Q

Measurement of a cell potential (voltage) under equilibrium
conditions

A

A. POTENTIOMETRY

30
Q

give me the two types of electrodes

A

Reference Electrode
Indicator Electrode

31
Q

→ Produces constant potential

A

Reference Electrode

32
Q

→ Responds to changes in the activity of solution
→ Measuring electrode

A

Indicator Electrode

33
Q

→ Mercury/mercurous chloride
→ Contains a known concentration of potassium chloride
→ Mercury ions react with pure sample components than do
silver ions

A

a. Calomel electrode

34
Q

→ Overall better and faster
→ Consists of a silver electrode immersed in a solution of
potassium chloride that has been saturated with silver
chloride
→ Can be used in temperatures greater than 60°C whereas
calomel electrodes cannot

A

b. Silver/silver chloride

35
Q

c. Normal hydrogen electrode

A
36
Q

2 Types of ISE

A
  1. Direct ISE
  2. Indirect ISE
37
Q

Glass aluminum silicate

A

Sodium

38
Q

Valinomycin gel

A

Potassium

39
Q

Organic liquid membrane ion exchanges

A

Calcium and Lithium

40
Q

Gas and enzyme electrodes

A
41
Q

Selective for the detection of hydrogen ions

A

pH electrode

42
Q

pH electrode contained within a plastic jacket

A

pCO2 electrode

43
Q

Is an electrochemical titration in which the titrant is
electrochemically generated and the endpoint is detected by
amperometry

A

COULOMETRY

44
Q

The measurement of the electrical current at a single applied
potential
● The measurement of the current flow produced by an
oxidation-reduction reaction

A

AMPEROMETRY

45
Q

→ Used to determine the partial pressure of oxygen in blood
incorporated in blood gas analyzers uses an amperometric
or current-sensing electrolytic cell as the indicator
electrode

A

pO2 gas-sensing electrode

46
Q

→ Employed in glucometer that
determines a random
determination of glucose by
glucose oxidase principle

A

Glucose electrode

47
Q

Based on the current-potential relationship in an
electrochemical cell when the potential is applied

A

VOLTAMMETRY

48
Q

for Lead and Iron Testing

A

Anodic stripping voltammetry

49
Q

Voltammetry Three Electrodes:

A

a. Working Electrode
b. Reference Electrode
c. Auxiliary Electrode

50
Q

→ Makes contact with the analyte
→ Facilitate the transfer of charge to and from the analyte

A

Working Electrode

51
Q

→ A half cell with a known reduction potential

A

b. Reference Electrode

52
Q

→ To sustain electrolysis
→ Process by which electric current is passed through a
substance to effect a chemical change (substance loses or
gains an electron)

A

c. Auxiliary Electrode

53
Q

Measurement of the osmolality of an aqueous solution such
as serum, plasma and urine; measurement of the
concentration of dissolve solute particles in a solution

A

OSMOMETRY

54
Q

Are those properties of a solution that are only a function of
the concentration (molality) of the particles in solution. Ideally,
the size of the particles, the mass of the particles, and the
type of particles do not affect the colligative properties.

A

COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES

55
Q

● Minimum pressure which
needs to be applied to a
solution to prevent the
inward flow of its pure
solvent across a
semipermeable membrane

A

Osmotic Pressure

56
Q

→ The tendency of a fluid,
usually water, to pass
through a semipermeable
membrane into a solution where the solvent concentration
is higher, thus, equalizing the concentration of the
materials on the other side of the membrane

A

Osmosis

57
Q

Measure of the tendency of a material to change into the
gaseous or vapor state
● Increases with temperature

A

Vapor Pressure

58
Q

Measurement is based on the
change in electrical resistance
across an aperture when a particle
in conductive liquid passes through
this aperture.

A

ELECTRICAL IMPEDANCE

59
Q

All of the following increases as the osmolality increases,
EXCEPT:
a. Osmotic pressure
b. Vapor pressure
c. Boiling point

A

B

60
Q
  1. What is the test used for coulometry?
    a. Sodium Test
    b. Potassium Test
    c. Chloride Test
A

C

61
Q
  1. Which of the following describes an agarose gel?
    a. Used for DNA or protein separations
    b. Polysaccharide extracted from sea weed
    c. Staining can be done after pouring the gel
A

b. Polysaccharide extracted from sea weed

62
Q

Buffer used for separating proteins and has high buffering
capacity, low conductivity:
a. Tris – glycine buffer
b. Tris – acetate – EDTA buffer (TAE)
c. Tris – borate – EDTA buffer (TBE)

A

. Tris – glycine buffer

63
Q

The migration of charged macromolecules:
a. Zone Electrophoresis
b. Iontophoresis
c. Electrophoretogram

A

A

64
Q

First statement: Cathode is negatively-charged
Second statement: Anode is postiviely-charged
a. Only the 1st statement is correct.
b. Only the 2nd statement is correct.
c. Both statements are correct.
d. Both statements are incorrect.

A

Bb

65
Q

β-Globulin/s:
a. Immunoglobulin
b. Transferrin
c. Both a and b

A

b. Transferrin

66
Q

All of the following affect the charge of ampholytes, EXCEPT:
a. pH
b. Ionic strength
c. Molecular mass

A

c. Molecular mass

67
Q

Internal reference electrode for pH electrode:
a. Silver
b. Silver chloride
c. Silver nitrate
d. Two of the choices are correct.
e. None of the choices are correct

A

D

68
Q

Ethidium Bromide and and Sybr Gold are dyes used to
visualize what analyte?
a. Protein
b. DNA
c. Hemoglobin

A

B

CLIN CHEM LEC (13 decks)

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