Electrochemical Basis Of Behavior

Question 1

Functional Approaches To The Brain

Answer 1

behavioral references

Question 2

X-Rays

Answer 2

• oldest method
• structural
• electromagnetic wave lengths of short waves
• passes through skull
• high density: bone, shows
• low density: blood clots, don’t show

Question 3

Contrast X-Rays

Answer 3

more advanced.

• fluid is injected that is more or less absorbent
• passes through brain
• contrast between tissue and fluid is shown

Question 4

Cerebral Angiography (including Femorocerebral)

Answer 4

• safest method
• radio translucent dye injected into cerebral artery
• shows vascular damage
• structural

Question 5

Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA)

Answer 5

• signal processing before and after pictures
• subtracts common elements between pictures
• shows arteries

Question 6

CT/CAT Scan

Answer 6

• computerized tomography
• rotates around head creating a 3D image
• staticky, not as clear
• a-symmetry, density difference
• hypodensity: less dense (darker)
• hyper density: more dense (brighter)

Question 7

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Answer 7

• a magnetic field hits hydrogen atoms, audits waves, and transfers results to images
• no metals allowed on individual
• titanium is allowed

Question 8

Positron Emission Tomography (PET Scan)

Answer 8

• active areas of the brain require energy
• radioactive 2-deoxyglucose is objected
• shows how much radioactivity is in each part of the brain
• has poor temporal resolution
• functional

Question 9

Radioactive 2-Deoxyglucose

Answer 9

-not true glucose

Question 10

Single-Photon Emission Coupled Tomography (SPECT)

Answer 10

• radioactivity tagged isotopes picked up by a sensor

- they omit gamarays

Question 11

PET vs. SPECT

Answer 11

GOOD: spect is cheaper, patient is sedated
BAD: with spect the transfer takes a couple days to clear, not great temporal resolution

Question 12

Stereotaxic Surgery

Answer 12

• head holder, prevents movement, instruments placed precisely
• surface of skull is exposed
• start at the bragima (major sutures intersect)
• animals
• stereo-taxic atlas (brain maps)

Question 13

Lesioning Techniques

Answer 13

• causing damage to the brain

- looking for a behavioral change

Question 14

Aspiration Lesions

Answer 14

• eye dropper device to suck out brain matter

- less ironing cortical tissue

Question 15

Radio-Frequency Lesions

Answer 15

• high frequency current goes through a stereotaxically positioned electrode
• heat from the current destroys brain tissue

Question 16

Knife Cuts

Answer 16

-scalpel

Question 17

Cryogenic Blockade

Answer 17

• “reversible” “temporary”
• coolant is pumped through fine tubes to cool neurotissue
• just above freezing level

Question 18

Electrophysiological Unit Recording

Answer 18

• intracellular
• extra cellular
• multiple
• invasive

Question 19

Intracellular Unit Recording

Answer 19

-chemically immobilized animals to do it

Question 20

Extracellular Unit Recording

Answer 20

• action potentials of neurons

- a probe is placed next to neuron internally

Question 21

Multiple Unit Recording

Answer 21

-electrodes pick up signals from neurons simultaneously

Question 22

Invasive Recording

Answer 22

-recording from over a week or month

Question 23

Pharmacological Research Methods

Answer 23

• drug administered

- the affects are recorded

Question 24

Injections/Methods

Answer 24

• oral
• intragastric (stomach)
• IV
• intramuscular
• hypodermic
• subcutaneous

Question 25

Cannula

Answer 25

- a more direct route - hollow needle stereotaxically implanted into brain - it injects directly to targeted spot

Question 26

Selective Chemical Lesions

Answer 26

- inject a neurotoxin - micro injection - neurotoxin is taken up by cell bodies at tip of cannula - cell bodies are destroyed, not axons

Question 27

2-Deoxyglucose Technique

Answer 27

- taken up by neurons - the subject is killed - brain is sliced for results

Question 28

Cerebral Dialysis

Answer 28

- implant a tube that has a semipermeable section | - it picks up intracellular chemicals

Question 29

Immunocytochemistry

Answer 29

- locates neuroproteins and neurotransmitters | - based on how an immune system works

Question 30

In Situ Hybridization

Answer 30

- locates peptides and proteins - based on hybrid strands of messenger RNA - bunds to complementary RNA strands

Question 31

Gene Knockout Techniques

Answer 31

- older methods - create organisms that lack a particular gene - knockout mice - might impair other genes

Question 32

Gene Replacement Techniques

Answer 32

- replace a gene with an alternate version | - almost identical

Question 33

Structural Approaches To The Brain

Answer 33

structural references