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Clinical Chem I > Electrochemistry > Flashcards

Electrochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is Electrochemistry?

A

It is a branch of physical chemistry that uses the measurement of electrical signals associated with chemical systems within and electrochemical cell.

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2
Q

What type of chemistry measures the inter conversion of electrical and chemical phenomena?

A

Electrochemistry

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3
Q

What is electrochemistry used for in clinical chemistry?

A

It is used to measure the concentrations of ions, drugs, hormones, metals, gases.

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4
Q

List the three main categories of electrochemistry.

A

Potentionmetry
Coulometry
Amperometry

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5
Q

What is an electrochemical cell?

A

An electrochemical cell is typically two electrodes that bridge between a chemical system and an electrical system

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6
Q

What is the device through which chemical energy changes to electrical energy?

A

Electrochemical cell

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7
Q

What does the electrochemical cell measure and what does it relate to?

A

It measures current or voltage and relates it to the concentration of a chemical species (like ions)

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8
Q

What does the chemical reaction create in an electrochemical cell system?

A

It creates a constant current between the two electrodes

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9
Q

What is the relationship between the amount of current and the amount of ions in the solution?

A

The amount of current is proportional to the amount of ions in the solution.

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10
Q

What do electrons flow away Fromm s to what do they flow to? What processes occur during these movements?

A

Electrons (e-) flow away from the anode = oxidation

and flow towards (accepted by) the cathode = reduction

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11
Q

Explain oxidation and reduction in terms of electron transfer

A

Oxidation refers to the loss of electrons while reduction is the gain of electrons.

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12
Q

Explain the principle behind electrodes

A

A metal placed into a solution of its own ions will produce a voltage potential relative to the concentration (or activity) of ions in the solution.

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13
Q

What are the two types of electrodes?

A

Indicator electrode

Reference electrode

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14
Q

What electrode is sensitive and responds to changes in concentration or activity of an ion species in the solution in which it is immersed?

A

Indicator electrode

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15
Q

What electrode has a constant ion concentration and potential created by this electrode? This electrode doesn’t change within the reaction so can be used as a reference to gauge how much the indicator electrode changes

A

A reference electrode

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16
Q

What must an indicator electrode only react with?

A

An indicator electrode must react only with the analyte of interest when immersed in the analyte solution.

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17
Q

What are the two conditions for and indicator electrode

A
  • Must react only with the a analyte of interest

- Must be selective by responding to one specific ion

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18
Q

What are the two types of indicator electrode seen?

A

Ion selective membrane electrode

Liquid/polymer membrane electrode

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19
Q

What is the most common indicator electrode type used?

A

Ion selective membrane electrode

20
Q

What does the ion selective membrane electrode do?

A

It measures the voltage potentials across a selective membrane, diffuses into the solution causing a charge separation.

21
Q

How does the liquid/polymer membrane electrode work?

A

Measures K using a valinomycin ionophore to prevent interference from Na or H and increased permeability to K

22
Q

What is valinomycin?

A

It is an ion transporter, neutral carrier that binds K in the center of a ring of oxygen atoms.

23
Q

what are the conditions for a reference electrode?

A
  • Must be self contained

- Must have stable, simple components and a constant potential

24
Q

What is the use of the constant potential in reference electrodes?

A

The constant potential is what we are comparing/referencing the indicator electrode potential to

25
Q

What are we comparing or referencing the indicator electrode’s potential to?

A

Constant potential of the reference electrode

26
Q

What are the two common reference electrodes?

A

Saturated calomel electrode

Silver-silver chloride electrode

27
Q

How does the saturated calomel electrode work?

A

In saturated calomel electrode, HgCl in a paste form is in contact with metallic Hg in an electrolyte solution of KCl to keep a constant concentration.

28
Q

How does the silver-silver chloride electrode work?

A

The Ag-AgCl electrode has a AgCl-coated silver wire immersed in a solution or constant chloride concentration.

29
Q

Define potentiometry.

A

It is the measurement of an electrical potential difference between two e,ectrodes immersed in a solution.

30
Q

What is the measure of electrical voltage difference between two electrodes?

A

Potentiometry

31
Q

It is defined as the use of electrodes to measures voltages from chemical reactions

A

Potentiometry

32
Q

How are the electrodes in potentiometry characterized?

A
  • A half-cell reaction: either oxidation or reduction
  • A half-cell potential: quantitative measurement of the energy of a half-cell reaction relative to a reference electrode
33
Q

What does the pH meter in potentiometry use to detect Hydrogen ions?

A

A specifically designed pH sensitive thin glass membrane

34
Q

How does the pH meter looks at the concentration of hydrogen ions?

A

By measuring the potential/voltage difference between one half-cell and the other, that is the indicator electrode vs the reference electrode

35
Q

What is the SI unit of charge?

A

Coulomb

36
Q

Define coulomb

A

The amount of charge flowing

37
Q

What is the base unit of electric current?

A

Ampere

38
Q

Define ampere

A

The rate of flow of charge. That is how fast charge is moving over time (s)

39
Q

What is 1 ampere in relation to a coulomb?

A

1 ampere is the flow of 1 coulomb of a charge per second. 1coulomb/1second

40
Q

How is electrical current calculated?

A

Charge/time

41
Q

What does coulometry measure?

A

Coulometry measures the electrical charge passing passing between two electrodes in an electrochemical cell.

42
Q

What is the relation between the amount of charge and half cell reaction?

A

The amount of charge passing between two electrodes is directly proportional to the oxidation or reduction reaction at one of the electrodes

43
Q

What is the term used to define the amount of electricity (in coulombs) consumed or produced in an electrochemical reaction?

A

Coulometry

44
Q

How is the amount of electricity calculated? (In coulombs)

A

Current * time

45
Q

What is coulometry used for?

A

Measures Cl amount in body fluids using the sweat chloride test which generates silver ions from a silver wire at the anode in the reaction.

Clinical Chem I (17 decks)

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