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Electrolytes Flashcards

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1
Q

What causes build - up of electrolytes in the Blood?

A
  1. Kidney failure
  2. Massive Blood transfusion
  3. Tumors
  4. Diseases
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1
Q

Hypophosphatemia

A

Phosphate level BELOW 3.5 Mg/dL

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2
Q

Hyperphosphatemia

S/S

A
  • EKG changes
  • Hypocalcemia
  • Hypotension
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2
Q

Hyperphosphatemia

Treatment

A
  • Phosphate binder- binds to food in GI tract & excreted - Phoslow (GIVE WITH FOOD)
  • Managing bypocalcemia will help correct hyperphosphatemia
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3
Q

Hypokalemia

A

Potassium level:

BELOW 3.5 mEq/L

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4
Q

Hyponatremia:

Causes

A
  • Excessive sweating, water intake, infusion of d5w
  • Excess ADH
  • Low Na diet
  • Vomiting
  • Fluid Overload
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4
Q

Hypermagnesia:

Treatment

A
  • Dialysis
  • Diuretics
  • Give IV isotonic solution NS/LR to enhance renal excretion
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4
Q

Hyperphosphatemia

A

Phosphate level HIGH than 4.5 Mg/dL

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5
Q

Hyperphosphatemia

Causes

A
  • Renal insuffiency
  • Hypoparathyroidism
  • Incrase intake of phosphorus: Enemas, laxitives
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6
Q

Hyperchloremia

Causes

A
  • Increase chloride intake
  • Increase chloride retention- renal insuffiency
  • Dehydration
  • Kaexalate (causes Na to be exchanged with K in the bowel, chloride follows sodium)
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7
Q

How do we get rid of excess Electrolytes?

A
  • Kidneys
  • Waste products
  • Sweat
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7
Q

Hyponatremia

A

Sodium Value: BELOW 135mEq/L

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9
Q

Hyponatremia:

S/S

A
  • Cerebral Edema (water from ECF to ICF)
  • Headache
  • Dioriented
  • Seizures
  • Weak, rapid, pulse
  • Hypotension
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10
Q

Hypomagnesia

Causes

A
  • Alcoholism
  • Poor dietary intake
  • Starvation
  • Intestinal diseases
  • Diarrhea
  • Use of loop diuretcs
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11
Q

Hypokalemia:

Causes

A
  • Vomiting & Diarrhea
  • NG suction
  • K+ wasting diuretics
  • NPO
  • Anorexia
  • Increase intake of Na
  • Pt recieving insulin
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12
Q

Hypermagneisa

A

Magnesium level HIGHER than 2.1 mEq/L

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12
Q

Hypermagnesia:

Causes

A
  • Renal Failure
  • Increased Mg intake
  • Treatment for Preg Induced Hyperten
  • Excessive use of anatacid, laxatives, enemas
  • OVER SEDATIVE EFFECT
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13
Q

What role do certain hormones play in balance of electrolytes?

A

Insulin

grabs both K+ and glucose and takes them out of vascular space and into the cell

give glucose with insulin

PTH (parathyroid hormone)

moves Ca from bone to blood- makes Ca increase

Calcitonin (secreted by Thyroid)

Decreases Ca by making it move from vascular space into the bone.

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14
Q

Hypernatremia

A

Sodium level: HIGHER than 145mEq/L

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15
Q

Hyperkalemia:

Treatments

A

Low K+ diet

Dialysis

Medications:

  • Diuretics- potassium wasting (lasix)
  • insulin
  • hypertonic dextrose
  • sodium bicarbonate
  • Calcium Gluconate (Ca decreases excitbablity effect)
  • Caclium Chloride
  • Kayexalate
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15
Q

Hypochloremia

Treatment

A
  • Prevent excessive diaphoresis, vomiting or excessive suctioning
  • Can give salty broth
  • infuse NS
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16
Q

Hyperchloremia

A

Chloride level: HIGHER than 108 mEq/L

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17
Q

Hypernatremia:

Treatment

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Encourage water intake, Na restriction diet
  • Diuretics- K & Na wasting
  • Hypotonic or isotonic IV solution
18
Q

Hypochloremia

Study These Flashcards
A

Chloride level BELOW 98 mEq/L

19
Hypophosphatemia Treatment
* DC antacid & calcium supplement * Increase intake of Ph rich foods * Decrease calcium rich foods * Give Vit D Supplement (Increase absorption of Ph)
21
**Hyperkalemia**
Potassium level: GREATER than **5.0 mEq/L**
22
**Sodium **
Normal Value:**135-145 mEq/L** * Dependent on how much water is in the body * Only electrolyte affected by amount of water in body * Increases cell membrane permeability, controls contractility & nerve impulses * INVERSE realationship with K+ = 3Na, 2K * Excreted through the kidneys, GI tract & sweat Dietary sources: Canned soup & veggiee, cheese, ketchup, processed meat, table salt, salty snack food, seafood.
22
Hypocalcemia: S/S
* **_EXCITABLE EFFECT_** * Positive Chvostek's sign * Positive Trousseau sign * Frequent charley horses * Increased Peristalsis, Hyperactive Bowels * Siezures
23
**Potassium**
**MOST IMPORTANT ELECTROLYTE** Normal value: **3.5-5 mEq/L** * Regulates cardiac rhythms, neuromuscular function & allows strong heart conduction & contractility. * K+ has an **INVERSE** relationship with Na+ * Excreted by kidneys * Aldosterone helps regulate K+ * **_EXCITABLE effects on Heart and intestine_** Dietary Sources: Bananas, organes, green leafy veggies, fruit juices, dried fruit
25
Hypokalemia: S/S
**_DECREASED EXCITABILITY_** Fatigue Nausea Anorexia Vomiting Muscle weakness Resp. distress Rapid, weak pulse **Flat T wave** Hypoactive bowel sounds
25
Hypocalcemia: Causes
* Hypoparathyroidism * Poor dietary intake * Poor Vit D intake * Hyperphosphatemia * Diarrhea * Alkalosis * Renal failure * **_EXCITABLE EFFECT_**
25
Hyperchloremia S/S
* RARELY produces s/s of its own * IF patient has hyperchloremia than the pt is most likely to have HYPERNATREMIA- look for those s/s
26
Hypomagnesia Treatment
* DC loop diuretics * Admin. IV Mg Sulfate * Place on telemetry
28
Hypercalcemia
Caclium level: HIGHER than 10.5 Mg/dL
30
Hyperkalemia: S/S
**_OVER EXCITABILITY_** Muscle weakness Tachycardia to Bradycardia to Cardiac arrest **Peak T wave** Intestinal cramping Cramping & twitching
30
Hypernatremia: Causes
* NPO for extended time * Excessive Na intake: dietary & IV fluids * Excessive Na rentention: Renal failure, crushing disease * Fluid loss: feve, diaphoresis, burns, hyperventilation, V & D * Tube feeding: hydrochloric acid- excessive * Dehydration
31
Hypercalcemia: Treatment
* Reduce dietary intake * Increase excretion of Ca by hydrating with NS * Stop supplements with calcium (anatacid) * DC Thiazide diruetic * Give lasix
32
Hypochloremia Causes
* Excessive sweating * vomiting * Diarrhea * Nasogastric suctioning * Laxatives * Diuretics
34
Hypokalemia: Treatment
Encourage foods rich in K+ K+ supplements K+ IV supplements- DILUTE & GIVE SLOWLY K+ Sparing diuretics Avoid salt subtitutes **NEVER GIVE IV PUSH** **ALWAYS RUN ON PUMP**
36
Chloride
Normal value: **98-106 mEq/L** * found in ECF * Follows Sodium * helps in forming CSF & produced mainly in stomach in form of hydrochloric acid * absorbed in intestines & excreted by kidneys Dietary sources: Fruits, veggies, table salt, salty foods, processed food.
37
Hypophosphatemia Causes
* Malnutrition * Alcohol Abuse * Hypercalcemia * Hyperparathyroidism * Antacids * Respiratory Acidosis
39
Hypocalcemia Treatment
* Oral & IV Ca supplements * Vit D supplements * Reduce Stimulation * Seizure precautions * Use sheet while lifting (THIN SKIN)
41
Hypercalcemia: causes
* Hyperparathyroidism * Cancer * Hyperthyroidism * Immobility * Excess Ca intake * Excess intake of Vit D * Thiazide Diuretics * Renal insuffciency * **_OVERLY SEDATIVE_**
42
Hypermagnesia: S/S
* Slow resp rate * Weakness, Lethargy * CNS depression * Facial Paresthia * Hypotension * Bradypnea * **_OVER SEDATIVE EFFECT_**
43
HYPERKALEMIA: Causes
Renal failure K+ sparing diuretics Excessive K+ intake Blood transfusion of RBC Acidosis Hypoaldosteronism
44
Hypercalcemia: S/S
* Fatigue * Depression * Confusion * Fractures * Blood Clots * Kidney stones * Decreased Muscle tone * Bradycardia * **_OVERLY SEDATIVE_**
45
Hyperchloremia Treatment
* Sodium and chloride intake will be RESTRICTED * Doctor may order Diuretics * Infusion of Lactated Ringers to spend renal excreation
47
Calcium
Normal value: **9.0-10.5 mEq/L** * 99% found in teeth & bones * effects capillary permeability, essential for blood clotting , **sedative effect** on the nerve & muscle activity. * INVERSE relationship with phosphorus * absorbed by small intestin & excteted by kidneys & BM * vit. D needed for calcium absorption Dietary sources: Milk, Yogert, cheese, green leafy veggies, nuts
48
Magnesium
Normal Level: **1.3-2.1 mEq/L** * 60% stored in bones & cartilage * activates enzymes essental for proper carb metablolism & maintains neuromuscular stability * absorbed in GI tract & excreted by Kidneys * **_SEDITIVE EFFECT_** Dietary sources: Chocolate, nuts, dry beans, green leafy veggies, seafood, whole grain, meats
49
Hypochloremia S/S
* Tetany * Hyperactive deep tendon reflexes * Arrythmias * Seizures * S/s of Hyponatremia
50
Hypernatremia: S/S
* Tachycardia * Hyperthermia * decreased urine output * effects on brain cells * restlessness * lethargy, weakness, seizures, coma, confusion
52
Hyponatremia: Treatment
* Fluid restriction- BEST TREATMENT * Oral Na Supplements * High Na Diets
53
Hypomagnesia S/S
* Confusion * psychotic behavior * Delusions * Decreased gastric mobility * Constipation * Shallow resp * Tacycardia * twitches
54
Hypomagnesia
Magnesium level BELOW 1.3 mEq/L
55
Hypophosphatemia S/S
* Weak, skeletal muscles * Decreased bone density= Fractures * Severe Seizures * Arrhythmias * Shallow resp.
56
Phosphorus
Normal value: **3.5-4.5 mg/dL** * 85% found in bones & teeth * essential for RBC and muscle cells, helps with the metabolism of carbs, protien, and fat * Absorbed in the intestines and excreted thru kidneys * Assist with acid/base balance * **INVERSE** relationship with calcium Dietary Source: Cheese, eggs, milk products, organ meats, whole grains.
57
Hypocalcemia
Calcium level BELOW 9.0Mg/dL

Fluid & Electrolytes (3 decks)

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