Electrolytes

Question 1

VOLUME AND OSMOTIC REGULATION

Answer 1

Na+, K+, Cl-

Question 2

MYOCARDIAL RHYTHM AND CONTRACTILITY

Answer 2

K+, Ca++, Mg++

Question 3

COFACTORS IN ENZYME ACTIVATION

Answer 3

Ca++, Mg++, Zn, Cl-, K+

Question 4

REGULATION OF ATPase ION PUMPS

Answer 4

Mg++

Question 5

NEUROMUSCULAR EXCITABILITY

Answer 5

K+, Ca++, Mg++

Question 6

PRODUCTION AND USE OF ATP

Answer 6

Mg++, PO4

Question 7

ACID BASE BALANCE

Answer 7

HCO3, K+, Cl-, PO4

Question 8

MAJOR EXTRACELLULAR CATION

Answer 8

SODIUM

Question 9

MAJOR CONTRIBUTOR OF OSMOLALITY OR
OSMOTIC PRESSURE (Na+, Cl-, HCO3)

Answer 9

SODIUM

Question 10

IT IS ESSENTIAL FOR TRANSMITTING NERVE
IMPULSES

Answer 10

SODIUM

Question 11

SODIUM REFERENCE VALUE

Answer 11

135 - 145 mmol/L

Question 12

SODIUM REABSORPTION AND
POTASSIUM EXCRETION IN THE DISTAL TUBULE

Answer 12

ALDOSTERONE

Question 13

REMOVES EXCESS SODIUM

Answer 13

ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR (ANF)

Question 14

Causes of hypernatremia (3)

Answer 14

Excess water loss
Decreased water intake
Increase intake or retention

Question 15

Causes of hyponatremia (3)

Answer 15

Increased sodium loss
Increased water retention
Water imbalance

Question 16

MAJOR INTRACELLULAR CATION

Answer 16

POTASSIUM

Question 17

INTEGRAL PART OF TRANSMISSION OF NERVE IMPULSE

Answer 17

POTASSIUM

Question 18

THE SINGLE MOST IMPORTANT ANALYTE IN TERMS OF AN ABNORMALITY BEING IMMEDIATELY LIFE THREATENING

Answer 18

POTASSIUM

Question 19

Causes of hyperkalemia (4)

Answer 19

DECREASED RENAL
EXCRETION

INCREASED INTAKE

CELLULAR SHIFT

ARTIFACTUAL

Question 20

Causes of hypokalemia (3)

Answer 20

Gastrointestinal loss
Renal loss
Cellular shift

Question 21

MAJOR EXTRACELLULAR ANION

Answer 21

CHLORIDE

Question 22

CHIEF COUNTERION OF SODIUM

Answer 22

Chloride

Question 23

ONLY ANION TO SERVE AS AN ENZYME ACTIVATOR (AMYLASE)

Answer 23

Chloride

Question 24

EXCRETED IN URINE AND SWEAT

Answer 24

Chloride

Question 25

HIGH HCO3 (METABOLIC ACIDOSIS)=

Answer 25

Low chloride

Question 26

Causes of hyperchloremia (5)

Answer 26

- RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS - DIABETES INSIPIDUS - SALICYLATE INTOXICATION - PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM - METABOLIC ACIDOSIS

Question 27

Causes of hypochloremia (4)

Answer 27

- PROLONGED VOMITING - ALDOSTERONE DEFICIENCY - METABOLIC ALKALOSIS - SALT-LOSING NEPHRITIS

Question 28

Participate in BLOOD COAGULATION, ENZYME ACTIVATION,EXCITABILITY OF CARDIAC AND SKELETAL MUSCLE

Answer 28

Calcium

Question 29

FORMS OF CALCIUM (3)

Answer 29

IONIZED CALCIUM (50%), PROTEIN-BOUND CALCIUM (40%), COMPLEXED WITH ANIONS (10%)

Question 30

FACTORS AFFECTING SERUM CALCIUM: (3)

Answer 30

1. 1,25 DIHYDROXYCHOLECALCIFEROL [1,25-(OH)2-D3] 2. PTH 3. CALCITONIN

Question 31

Causes of hypercalcemia (6)

Answer 31

- PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM - CANCER - ACIDOSIS - INCREASED VITAMIN D - SARCOIDOSIS - HYPERTHYROIDISM

Question 32

HYPOCALCEMIA (7)

Answer 32

- ALKALOSIS - RENAL DISEASE - PRIMARY HYPOPARATHYROIDISM - ACUTE PANCREATITIS - HYPERMAGNESEMIA AND HYPOMAGNESEMIA - MALABSORPTION SYNDROME - VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY

Question 33

INVERSELY RELATED TO CALCIUM

Answer 33

PHOSPHOROUS

Question 34

THE ONLY ELECTROLYTE THAT REQUIRES FASTING

Answer 34

Phosphorous

Question 35

IS ESSENTIAL FOR THE INSULIN-MEDIATED ENTRY OF GLUCOSE INTO CELLS BY A PROCESS INVOLVING PHOSPHORYLATION OF THE GLUCOSE AND THE CO-ENTRY OF POTASSIUM

Answer 35

Phosphorous

Question 36

PHOSPHATE DEFICIENCY CAN LEAD TO

Answer 36

ATP DEPLETION

Question 37

Causes of hyperphosphatemia (5)

Answer 37

- HYPOPARATHYROIDISM - CHRONIC GLOMERULONEPHRITIS - LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA - MILK-ALKALI SYNDROME - PAGET’S DISEASE

Question 38

Causes of hyperphosphatemia (5)

Answer 38

- ALCOHOL ABUSE - PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM - AVITAMINOSIS D - OSTEOMALACIA - MALABSORPTION SYNDROME

Question 39

INTRACELLULAR CATION SECOND IN ABUNDANCE TO POTASSIUM

Answer 39

Magnesium

Question 40

FOURTH MOST ABUNDANT CATION IN THE BODY

Answer 40

Magnesium

Question 41

A CARDIAC ION; REGULATES MOVEMENT OF POTASSIUM ACROSS MYOCARDIUM

Answer 41

Magnesium

Question 42

Causes of hypermagnesemia (4)

Answer 42

- DIABETIC COMA - ADDISON’S DISEASE - CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE - INCREASED INTAKES OF ANTACIDS, ENEMAS, AND CATHARTIC

Question 43

Causes of hypomagnesemia (5)

Answer 43

- ACUTE PANCREATITIS - MALNUTRITION - MALABSORPTION SYNDROME - CHRONIC ALCOHOLISM - SEVERE DIARRHEA

Question 44

2ND MOST ABUNDANT ANION IN THE ECF

Answer 44

BICARBONATE

Question 45

IT ACCOUNTS FOR 90% OF THE TOTAL CO2 AT PHYSIOLOGIC pH.

Answer 45

BICARBONATE

Question 46

IT IS THE MAJOR COMPONENT OF THE BUFFERING SYSTEM IN THE BLOOD

Answer 46

BICARBONATE

Question 47

IT DIFFUSES OUT THE CELL IN EXCHANGE FOR CHLORIDE TO MAINTAIN IONIC CHARGE NEUTRALITY WITHIN THE CELL (CHLORIDE SHIFT)

Answer 47

BICARBONATE

Question 48

IT BUFFERS EXCESS HYDROGEN ION BY COMBINING WITH ACID

Answer 48

BICARBONATE

Question 49

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE UNMEASURED ANIONS AND UNMEASURED CATIONS

Answer 49

ANION GAP

Question 50

IT IS CREATED BY THE CONCENTRATION DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE COMMONLY MEASURED CATIONS (Na+, K+) AND COMMONLY MEASURED ANIONS (Cl-, HCO3)

Answer 50

ANION GAP

Question 51

IT IS USEFUL IN INDICATING AN INCREASE IN ONE OR MORE OF THE UNMEASURED ANIONS IN THE SERUM AND ALSO AS A FORM OF QUALITY CONTROL FOR THE ANALYZER USED TO MEASURE THESE ELECTROLYTES.

Answer 51

ANION GAP

Question 52

FORMULAS for ANION GAP (2) and normal values

Answer 52

Anion Gap = Na+ - (Cl- + HCO3) N.V.: 7-16 mmol/L Anion Gap = (Na+ + K+) - (Cl- + HCO3) N.V.: 10-20 mmol/L

Question 53

Anion gap is INCREASED in

Answer 53

UREMIA/RENAL FAILURE (PHOSPHATE AND SULFATE RETENTION) KETOACIDOSIS (STARVATION OR DIABETES) POISONING BY METHANOL, ETHANOL, ETHYLENE GLYCOL OR SALICYLATE LACTIC ACIDOSIS HYPERNATREMIA INSTRUMENT ERROR

Question 54

Anion gap is decreased in

Answer 54

HYPOALBUMINEMIA, HYPERCALCEMIA