electrolytes

Question 1

speciment for osmolalility

Answer 1

serum/urine

Question 2

use of calclulating osmolalliltyu

Answer 2

gives estimate of the trrue osmlallityu
determine osmolal gap

Question 3

deifference between the measured osmolallity and calculated osmolallity

Answer 3

osmolal cap

Question 4

________ indirectly indicates the presence of osmotially active substances

Answer 4

osmolal gap

Question 5

two formular for calculating osmolality

Answer 5

check book

Question 6

3 importatn processese of sodium

Answer 6

intake of water in respoinse to thirst
excretion of water
blood vol status

Question 7

in kidney reabsoroption of sodium, electroneutralityi is maintain by either…

Answer 7

chloride reabsorption
H ion secretion

Question 8

what are the hormonal regulation of sodium?
which one has primary excretion function?

Answer 8

ADH
renin/angiotensin/aldosterone system
ANF

Question 9

classification of hypernatremia
diabetes insipidus
defect in adh or osmotic diuresis

Answer 9

<300
300-700
>700

Question 10

Specimen for
SODIUM

Question 11

Methods for
SODIUM
POTASSIUM
CHLORIDE
BICABONATE
CALCIUM
PHOSPHATE
MAGNESIUM

Answer 11

SODIUM
-Albanese lein
Flame Emission Spectrophrotometry
Atomic absorption spectro
ion seletive electrode

POTASSIUM
chemical/colorimetric - lockhead and purcell
FES
AAS
ISE - valinomycin membrane

CHLORIDE
ISE
Amperometric-coulorimetric titration
mercuric tirration of schales and schales
Colorimetric, mercuric thiocyanate

BICARBONATE
ISE
enzymatic
colorimetric

CALCIUM
chech pg60

Question 12

what causees false low in FES in sodium determination
what is the most common method in clinical lab in determination of SODIUM
Reference method of SODIUM
membrane used for ISE

Answer 12

hyperlipidemia and hyperproteinemia
ISE
FES
Glass ion exchange membrane

Question 13

tywo types of ISE measurements, which of which uses undiluted and which one uses diluted sample. and which one is more accurate

Answer 13

direct and indirect,
direct measurement is more accurate

Question 14

factors that influence the distribution of K between cells and ECF
which ones impairs K entry
which ones prmotes K entry

Answer 14

hypoxia, hypomagnesemia, digoxin overdose and propanolol
insulin and chatecholamines

Question 15

varius drugs in relation to hyperkalemia
inhibits angiotensin
inhibits aldosterone
k sparring diuretics
inhibits NaK pumps
inhibits renal response to aldosterone
inhibits aldosterone secretion

Answer 15

captophril
non steroidal anti inflammatory agents
spironolactone
digoxin
cyclosporin
heparin therapy

Question 16

what membrane is used in ISE for determination of POTASSIUM

Answer 16

valinomycin

Question 17

major extracellualar anion

Answer 17

chloride

Question 18

2nd major extracellular anion

Answer 18

bicarbonate

Question 19

only anion to serve as an enzyme activation

Answer 19

chloride

Question 20

in what ways does chloride maintains electrical neutrality in 2 ways

Answer 20

acts as rate limiting component
chloride shift or hamburger phenomenon

Question 21

read pg 52 . understandn the flow of chloride shift

Answer 21

ok

Question 22

metabolic acidosis
metabolic alkalosis
compensated respiratory acidosis
addison’s disease

Answer 22

Hypochlorinemia

Question 23

respiratory alkalosis
Cystic fibrosis

Answer 23

hyperchlorinemia

Question 24

a familial disease characterized by a disorder of exocrine glands that secrete a viscous material that obstructs exocrine ducts

Answer 24

Cystic fibrosis

Question 25

the most valuable single test in the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis.

Answer 25

SWEAT TEST (SWEAT CHLORINE/PILOCARPINE)

Question 26

An instrument isused to introduce a sweat inducing drug, pilocarpine into a limited area of the skin using an elelctric current flowing between two electrodes attached to a limb (child) or at the back (infant). this is then measured by

Answer 26

iontophoresis coulometric amperometric mehtod ISEmethod

Question 27

Method for chlorine, most commonly used. this method uses electrodes composed of___ A mehtod that uses generation of Silver ions Ag+, which combine with Cl to quantitate Cl ions method that uses mercuric nitrate, this uses ____ as an indicator what is used in colorimetric method in determiantion of chloride?

Answer 27

ISE, silver wire coated with silver chloride amperometric-coulorimetric titration schales and shcales, s-diphenyle carbazone mercuric thiocyanate

Question 28

maajor component of buffering system in the blood

Answer 28

Bicarbonate

Question 29

in alkalosis what happens to bicarbonate, what happens if acidosis

Answer 29

bicarb is excreted in urine, increased excretion of H+ into urine with bicarb reabsorption

Question 30

decreased bicarb may occur in metabolic

Answer 30

acidosis

Question 31

elevated CO2 conc may occur in metabolic

Answer 31

alkalosis

Question 32

method in bicab determination uses acid reagent to conver all forms of CO2 to CO2 gas converts all forms of CO2 to HCO3 uses malata dehydrogenase measures NADH acidifyiung the samplel to realease CO2 to measure the has released

Answer 32

ISE enzymatic enzymatic enzymatic colorimetric

Question 33

the electrolyte (mineral) found in the highest concentration in body

Answer 33

CALLLCIUUMMMM DAHIL SA BONE SIGURO AT IBA PAAA

Question 34

99% OF CACIUM IS FOUND WHERE???!!!!!

Answer 34

BONEEESSS/SKELETAL AND TEETH

Question 35

calcoium exists in 3 forms

Answer 35

ionized (free) bound complexed

Question 36

which order from highest to lowest in conc in the body

Answer 36

ionized>bound>complexed 45,40,15

Question 37

which type of calcium is bound to anions

Answer 37

complexed

Question 38

ultrafiltrable cacldium cinsists of both the???

Answer 38

ionized and complexed

Question 39

calcium is absorbed into the bloodstream from the duodenum and jejunum in the small intestine by means of calcium-binding protein_____ WHICH is synthesized in resposce to the action of 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol

Answer 39

CALMODULIN

Question 40

what decreases the absrorption of calcium?

Answer 40

alkaline ph steatorrhea phytic acid and oxalic acid age

Question 41

regulation of calcium, table, memorize mo yun please wala ka na time dito sa mundong ito WHAT COMPONENTS THAT REGULATES CALCIUM?

Answer 41

check page 57 PTH VIT D3 CALCITONIN

Question 42

TETANI

Answer 42

calcium

Question 43

paget's disease acromegaly

Answer 43

hypercalcemia

Question 44

total calcium mthods colored complex precipitation methods ano ano yonn a. uses oxalate as precipitant b. uses chloranilic acid chelation which uses ??? method to measure ionized calcium ultrafiltrable calcium urine calcium pth assay calcitonin vit d assay

Answer 44

colorimetric method, dye binding technique klark, ferroham klark ferro ham EDTA ISE ---- control calcium 3 days prior to collection of 24 hour urine RIA RIA HPLC followed by Immuno assay

Question 45

principla anion within cells

Answer 45

phosphate

Question 46

method of phosphate the uses TCA as a precipitant what are the reagents used in this meahtod?

Answer 46

classic fiske subbarow APESS ascorbic acid picrol elon semidine stannous

Question 47

fouth most abundant cation in the body

Answer 47

magnesiium

Question 48

second most abundant intracelllular ion

Answer 48

magnesiu

Question 49

method of magnesium total magnesium dyes used in colorimetric reference method for magnesium which one uses 8 hydrocyuinone or calcein

Answer 49

calmagite, fomazen, methythymol, titan yello AAS fluorometric