electrolytes

Question 1

What is the normal value for Potassium(K)?

Answer 1

3.5-5.0 mmol/L

Question 2

What is the normal value for Magnesium (Mg)?

Answer 2

0.75-1.05 mmol/L

Question 3

What is the normal value for Sodium (Na)?

Answer 3

135-145 mmol/L

Question 4

What is the normal value for Calcium (Ca)?

Answer 4

Total: 2.25-2.75 mmol/L
ionized: 1.05-1.3 mmol/L

Question 5

What are some causes of Na imbalance?

Answer 5

Na loss/gain, water loss/gain, renal loss

Question 6

What are some clinical manifestations of Hypernaturemia?

Answer 6

F ever
R estless
I ncreased BP
E dema
D ecreased Urinary output

THIRST

Question 7

What are some clinical manifestations of Hyponaturemia?

Answer 7

S tuper/coma
A norexia
L ethargy
T endon reflexes decrease
L imp muscles
O rthostatic hypotension
S eizure/HA
S tomach cramping

Question 8

What are some treatments for Hypernaturemia?

Answer 8

0.9% NS (isotonic) given SLOWLY

Diuretics

Question 9

What are some treatments for Hyponaturemia?

Answer 9

fluid restrictions,

hypertonic solution. (3.0% NS)

Question 10

How does Potassium work in the body?

Answer 10

nerve transmission, muscle contraction, cardiac rhythms.

Question 11

What are some causes of hypokalemia?

Answer 11

from ECF -> ICF: Insulin, alkalosis, rapid cell building, beta-adrenergic stimulation

Question 12

What are some causes of hyperkalemia?

Answer 12

from ICF -> ECF: acidosis, tissue catabolism (breakdown of tissue)

Question 13

what organ regulates Potassium?

Answer 13

kidneys

Question 14

what are some clinical manifestations of hyperkalemia?

Answer 14

irritability, anxiety, abdo cramp, weakness, irregular pulse

Question 15

what would the EKG look like in Hyperkalemia?

Answer 15

Tall peaked T wave,
ST depression,
Ventrical fib

Question 16

what would the EKG look like in Hypokalemia?

Answer 16

ST depression,
Flattened T wave
Predominant U wave

Question 17

what are some clinical manifestations of hypokalemia?

Answer 17

fatigue, 
muscle weakness,
leg cramps,
NVD,
soft flabby arms,
hyperglycemia

Question 18

what are some treatments for hyperkalemia?

Answer 18

diet change,

diuretics

Question 19

what are some treatments for hypokalemia?

Answer 19

K replacement

Question 20

what is special to note about potassium replacement therapy?

Answer 20

KCl IV should never be given > 60 mmol at a rate less than or equal to 10-20 mEg/hour.
It should always be diluted and should never be given IB push.

Question 21

How does Calcium work in the body?

Answer 21

bones, heart contraction, muscle contraction, blood clotting, never impulses

Question 22

what are some causes of hypocalcemia?

Answer 22

renal problems, diuretics, alcoholism, thyroid surgery

Question 23

what are some causes of hypercalcemia?

Answer 23

myeloma, hyperthyroidism, Vitamin D overdose

Question 24

What are some clinical manifestations of hypercalcemia?

Answer 24

lethargy, decreased reflexes, decreased memory, NVD, bone pain, dehydration

Question 25

what are some clinical manifestations of hypocalcemia?

Answer 25

easy fatigue, increased nerve impulses, numbness/tingling in extremities, muscle cramps, chvosick's sign, treasseu's sign, increased DTR

Question 26

what are some treatments for hypercalcemia?

Answer 26

increased weight bearing exercises, diuretics

Question 27

what are some treatments for hypocalcemia?

Answer 27

diet

Question 28

What is Magnesium important for in the body?

Answer 28

Intracellular. Essential for cellular processes

Question 29

what are some causes of hypomagnesemia?

Answer 29

D,V, alcoholism, impaired absorption, NG suction, uncontrolled diabetes

Question 30

what are some causes of hypermagnesemia?

Answer 30

renal failure, over treatment of eclampsia,

Question 31

what are some clinical manifestations of hypermagnesemia?

Answer 31

``` R eflexes decreased E KG changes N ausea& vomiting A ppearance flushed L ethargy ```

Question 32

what are some clinical manifestations of hypomagnesemia?

Answer 32

``` S eizures T etany A norexia R apid HR V omiting E motional lability D eep tendon reflexes increase Tremors, twitching, hypereflexia ```

Question 33

what are some treatments of hypermagnesemia?

Answer 33

diuretics

Question 34

what are some treatments of hypomagnesemia?

Answer 34

oral supplements, dietary intake, IV Mg IM