electrolytes and fluid balance Flashcards
(23 cards)
What is the normal value for bicarb
21-28 mmol/L
What is the normal value for chloride
98-106 mmol/L
What is the normal value for phosphate
0.97-1.45 mmol/L
What is the normal value for potassium
3.5-5.0 mmol/L
What is the normal value for magnesium
0.74-1.07 mmol/L
What is the normal value for sodium
135-145 mmol/L
What is the normal value for calcium
2.25-2.75 mmol/L
What is the normal value for ionized calcium
1.05-1.30 mmol/L
Colloid Oncotic pressure
The osmotic pressure exerted by a colloid in a solution i.e. such as that produced when the concentration of protein in the plasma on one side of the blood vessel cell wall membrane is higher than that in the interstitial fluid.
Osmotic pressure
The amount of pressure on the semi permeable membrane required to stop the flow of fluid
Hypovolemia
Decreased blood volume resulting from loss of blood, plasma, or fluid. Also known as ECF deficit. Can be caused because of water deficiency, sodium deficiency, and isotonic extracellular fluid deficiency (proportional loss of water and sodium).
What are the clinical causes of hypovolemia due to increased fluid loss?
Vomiting Diarrhea excessive sweating Third space fluid shifting from burns Fistula drainage GI tract suction Hemorrhage Overuse of diuretics
Hypervolemia
Increased blood volume from abnormal retention of fluids
What are the clinical causes of hypervolemia
Heart failure Long-term corticosteroid use Cushing's syndrome Renal failure Excessive IV fluids
Dehydration
Excessive loss of water from the body tissues that is accompanied by an imbalance in the essential electrolyte concentrations
Edema
Abnormal accumulation of fluid in interstitial spaces such as in the pericardial sac, interpleural space, peritoneal cavity, joint capsules, and lower extremities
Hydrostatic pressure
The pressure exerted by a fluid
Hyponatremia
Loss of sodium, or a dilution effect on sodium causing the serum levels to drop below 135 mmol/L.
Causes of hponatremia
diarrhea vomiting fistulas NG suction diuretics burns wound drainage SIADH Heart failure Excessive IV fluids Primary polydipsia
What causes these symptoms:
irritability confusion Postural hypotension tachycardia nausea,vomiting Dry mucous membranes Tremor, seizure, coma
Hyponatremia
due to sodium loss
SIADH can cause….?
Hyponatremia
Excessive sweating, burns, wound drainage, diuretics can cause….?
hyponatremia
What causes these symptoms:
Headache Apathy nausea vomiting weight gain Elevated BP Muscle spasms Seizure Coma
Hyponatremia
due to sodium dilution
