ELECTROLYTES PART 1 (ANIONS/CATIONS) LAB METHODS

Question 1

Specimen for Sodium (Na+)

Answer 1

a. Serum
b. Plasma; Anticoagulant is Heparin
c. 24 urine
d. CSF
e. Sweat

Question 2

Specimen considertaion for Sodium (Na+)

Answer 2

1. Avoid hemolysis
2. Used for pure water to avoid trace contamination
3. Smoking increases sodium level
4. Prolong standing increases sodium level (shift to intracellular fluid)
5. Oxalate decreases Na level
6. Exercise decreases Na due to sweat
7. Thumb or fingers must not use to cover tubes because it contains sodium

Question 3

Laboratory methods for Sodium (Na+)

Answer 3

• Colorimetric method (Albanese and Lein)
• Flame emission photometry
• Ions selective electrode (ISE)

Question 4

lab method:
1. sodium + zinc uranyl acetate= sodium uranyl acetate precipitate
2. sodium uranyl acetate precipitate + water+ sodium salicylate= yellow precipitate

Answer 4

Colorimetric method (Albanese and Lein)

Question 5

lab method: produce yellow color when exposed to flame. (Na+)

Answer 5

• Flame emission photometry

Question 6

• Flame emission photometry (Na+) end point color

Answer 6

Yellow

Question 7

lab method: used glass aluminum silicate (Na+)

Answer 7

• Ions selective electrode (ISE)

Question 8

Sodium Reference Value
Serum:
24H urine:
CSF:

Conversion Factor: mmol/mEq/L

Answer 8

135-135 mmol/L
40-220 mmol/L
138-150 mmol/L

1.0

Question 9

Specimen for Potassium (K+)

Answer 9

Serum
24 H urine

Question 10

Specimen Consideration: for Potassium (K+)

Answer 10

Avoid hemolysis
No venous stasis or torniquet during collection
Let patient rest after exercise
Use pure water in analysis
K level slightly lower in plasma than serum

Question 11

cause falsely elevated K

Answer 11

Hemolyzed sample
Exercise

Question 12

slightly lower in plasma than in serum

Answer 12

Potassium (K+)

Question 13

Laboratory methods for Potassium (K+)

Answer 13

• Colorimetric method (Lockheed and Purcell)
• Flame emission spectrophotometry
• Ion-selective electrode (ISE)
• Atomic absorption spectrophotometry

Question 14

Lab method:
turbidity is proportional to the K concentration. (K+)

Answer 14

Colorimetric method (Lockheed and Purcell)

Question 15

lab method:
produces violet color when expose to flame. (K+)

Answer 15

Flame emission spectrophotometry

Question 16

lab method:
used valinomycin gel

Answer 16

Ion-selective electrode (ISE)

Question 17

Potassium Reference Value
* serum: (adult)
* Infant:
* 24 H urine:
* mmol/L- mEq/L=

Answer 17

3.5-5.5 mmol/L
4.0 – 5.9 mEq/L
25-125 mmol/L
1.0

Question 18

Specimen for Magnesium

Answer 18

a. Serum
b. Plasma (lithium heparinized)
c. 24 urine

Question 19

Specimen Consideration for Magnesium

Answer 19

a. Avoid using EDTA, oxalate, and citrate.
b. Avoid hemolysis
c. No venous stasis or tourniquet during collection
d. Avoid hemolysis because RBC contains 10x magnesium than serum/plasma
e. Physiologic increase in women with eclampsia.

Question 20

Magnesium Laboratory Methods

Answer 20

Colorimetric Method
Ion Selective Electrode
Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
Fluorometric Analysis

Question 21

Magnesium Colorimetric method dyes

Answer 21

Calmagite
Methyl-thymol blue
Titan yellow
Formazan

Question 22

produce calmagite-mg complex (violet color)

Answer 22

Calmagite

Question 23

Calmagite (colorimetric method) end point color

Answer 23

Violet

Question 24

Dye-lake method Mg

Answer 24

Titan Yellow

Question 25

Vitros machine Mg

Answer 25

Formazan dye

Question 26

Mg-Ca complex is destroyed by lanthanum and strontium to free magnesium before assay.

Answer 26

3. AAS (Atomic absorption Spectrometry)

Question 27

AAS (Mg) Mg-Ca complex is destroyed by _____ and ____ to free magnesium before assay.

Answer 27

lanthanum strontium

Question 28

reference lab method of Mg

Answer 28

3. AAS (Atomic absorption Spectrometry)

Question 29

fluorescent compound, use hydroxyquinoline sulfonic acid which forms a chelate compound with magnesium and has a fluorescent property at 380-410nm

Answer 29

4. Fluorometric analysis

Question 30

Magnesium Reference Range

Answer 30

* 0.63- 1.0 mmol/L * 5.0 mmol/L- life threatening

Question 31

Specimen for Calcium

Answer 31

1. Serum 2. Plasma- lithium anticoagulant 3. 24-hour urine

Question 32

Calcium Laboratory Method

Answer 32

1. Orthocresolphthalein complexone dyes (Colorimetric) 2. AAS (Atomic absorption Spectrometry) 3. ISE (Ion Selective Electrodes 4. Clark collip precipitation method 5. Ferro Ham chloroanilic acid precipitation method 6. Compleximetric 7. EDTA TITRATION BY BACHRA, DAVER AND SOBEL -

Question 33

Calcium (colorimetric) method

Answer 33

Orthocresolphthalein complexone dyes

Question 34

calcium laboratory reference method

Answer 34

atomic absorption spectrometry

Question 35

ion exchanger membrane or ionophore (Ca)

Answer 35

Ion Selective Electrodes

Question 36

Measure Oxalic Acid as the end point (Ca)

Answer 36

Clark collip precipitation method

Question 37

Clark collip precipitation method end point color (Ca)

Answer 37

purple

Question 38

Ferro Ham chloroanilic acid precipitation method end point color (Ca)

Answer 38

purple

Question 39

removal of calcium by EDTA (Ca Lab method)

Answer 39

Compleximetric

Question 40

uses calcein and versene at alkaline pH, produces salmon pink fluorescent. (Ca)

Answer 40

EDTA TITRATION BY BACHRA, DAVER AND SOBEL

Question 41

EDTA TITRATION BY BACHRA, DAVER AND SOBEL uses ____and ____ at alkaline pH, produces salmon ____

Answer 41

calcein versene pink fluorescent

Question 42

Reference Value (Ca) Total Calcium: Children Adult Ionized Calcium: Adult Children Urine:

Answer 42

Total calcium 2.15-2.50 mmol/L (adult) 2.20-2.70 mmol/L (children) Ionized calcium 1.16-1.32 mmol/L (adult) 1.20-1.38 mmol/L (children) Urine 2.50-7.50 mmol/day

Question 43

specimen for Chloride (Cl-)

Answer 43

a. Serum b. Plasma- lithium heparinized c. Urine d. CSF e. Sweat f. Tears

Question 44

Laboratory methods for Chloride (Cl-)

Answer 44

Colorimetric method Ion Selective Electrode method Colorimetric (amphoteric method)

Question 45

Types of Colorimetric method (Cl)

Answer 45

Schales and Schales Mercuric Thiocynate and Ferric Nitrate

Question 46

(mercuric nitrate titration method)- produces paint violet color. (Cl)

Answer 46

Schales and schales

Question 47

produce reddish color (Cl)

Answer 47

Mercuric thiocynate and ferric nitrate

Question 48

Schales and schales what method (Cl)

Answer 48

Mercuric Nitrate Titration Method

Question 49

Schales and schales (Mercuric Nitrate Titration Method) end point color

Answer 49

Paint Violet

Question 50

Mercuric thiocynate and ferric nitrate end point color

Answer 50

Reddish color

Question 51

used silver chloride- silver sulfide membrane. (Cl)

Answer 51

ISE Method

Question 52

measure by Chloridometer with silver ion

Answer 52

Coulometric (amphometric method)

Question 53

Reference Value: Chloride Plasma: 24H Urine:

Answer 53

* Plasma: 98- 107 mmol/L * 24 H urine: 110- 250 mmol/dl

Question 54

Specimen for Bicarbonate

Answer 54

Serum Plasma

Question 55

Bicarbonate Lab Methods

Answer 55

Ion Selective Electrode Enzymatic Method

Question 56

Bicarbonate Reference Value

Answer 56

venous 23-29 mmol/L

Question 57

Phosphate (PO4) Specimen

Answer 57

1. Serum 2. Plasma-lithium heparinized 3. 24-hour urine 4. Avoid hemolysis 5. Circadian variation- highest in the morning

Question 58

Phosphate (PO4) Laboratory Methods

Answer 58

* FISKE-SUBARROW METHOD (spectrophotometry)

Question 59

* FISKE-SUBARROW METHOD (spectrophotometry) (PO4) Reagent: End Color:

Answer 59

Molybdate Blue

Question 60

Reference Value for (PO4) At birth: Children: Adult:

Answer 60

At Birth o 1.34 – 3.35 mmol/L Children o 1.28 – 2.24 mmol/L Adult o 0.96 – 1.44 mmol/L