Electron Transport Chain

Question 1

Catabolism

Answer 1

energy-releasing reaction caused from break down of molecules

Question 2

Anabolism

Answer 2

energy-requiring process where molecules join together

Question 3

Where does ATP come from?

Answer 3

conversion of chemical energy that is stored in carbs, fats, and proteins

Question 4

Why is ATP the preferred energy source for exercise?

Answer 4

It’s an energy source that muscles recognize and can use to perform movement
ATP has high energy phosphate bonds that yield a large amount of energy for the body

Question 5

How is ATP produced?

Answer 5

Foodstuff broken down with oxygen that creates carbon dioxide, water, heat, and ATP
Cellular oxidation allows foodstuff to be broken down into something usable

Question 6

Energy Sources to make ATP and fuel the body

Answer 6

Macronutrients:

1. Carbohydrates
2. Fats
3. Proteins

Question 7

How are carbs broken down?

Answer 7

Glycolysis

Question 8

How are fats broken down?

Answer 8

Beta Oxidation

Question 9

How are proteins broken down?

Answer 9

Deamination - take an amino acid off and use it for energy

Question 10

What is the simplest breakdown converting foodstuff to ATP?

Answer 10

Foodstuff (carbs, fats, protein) –> broken down by respective pathway (glycolysis, B oxidation, deamination) –> Carriers (NADH or FADH2) –> arrive at ETC –> ATP created here –> energy for muscle contraction

Question 11

Where is the ETC located?

Answer 11

Mitochondria

Question 12

Carbohydrates

Answer 12

Glucose or stored form glycogen (linked glucose molecules) (stored in liver and skeletal muscle)
Many ways carbs become these!!
Heavy fuel for exercise because of water storage they require

Question 13

Glycolysis

Answer 13

break down of glucose

Question 14

Gluconeogenesis

Answer 14

create new glucose

Question 15

Glycogenolysis

Answer 15

break down of stored glycogen

Question 16

Glycogen Synthesis

Answer 16

Create more glycogen by connecting glucose molecules together

Question 17

Fat

Answer 17

Made up of fatty acid chains that are insoluble with a glycerol backbone that is water soluble
Light fuel source for exercise

Question 18

How does the body break fat down?

Answer 18

Lipolysis- beta oxidation

Question 19

How does the body create new lipids?

Answer 19

Lipogenesis

Question 20

Proteins

Answer 20

Types: alanine and amino acids

Not much of an energy source during exercise

Question 21

Alanine

Answer 21

Prototype protein that is a substrate to create glucose

Question 22

Amino Acids

Answer 22

building blocks for proteins that can be deaminiated and used for the Kreb’s cycle

Question 23

Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER)

Answer 23

CO2 produced/ O2 consumed
Ratio is 1 carb/ 0.7 fat
When carbs and fats are 0.85 being used 50/50
More oxygen is required to burn fats
Used to determine what fuel is being burned during exercise

Question 24

How does energy from macronutrient oxidation transfer to the ETC?

Answer 24

Generating carriers with redox reactions

Question 25

Reduction reaction

Answer 25

Add an electron causing the charge to be reduced

Question 26

Oxidation reaction

Answer 26

Take an electron or proton away/ break it down

Question 27

If a molecule loses an electron it is?

Answer 27

Oxidized

Question 28

If a molecule gains an electron it is?

Answer 28

Reduced

Question 29

2 types of carriers to the ETC?

Answer 29

NADH and FADH2

Question 30

Why is ETC coupled with oxidative phosphorylation?

Answer 30

Way for glucose, fat, and proteins to cash in on their carriers.

Question 31

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Answer 31

In the ETC, the production of ATP from ADP + Phosphate, method for macronutrients to ‘cash in on their carriers’ Requires Oxygen and proton gradient Proton gradient requires energy `

Question 32

How many carriers are produced through oxidative phosphorylation?

Answer 32

2.5 ATP/ NADH 1.5 ATP/ FADH Lost 0.5 ATP due to the cost of pumping against the proton gradient

Question 33

Exergonic Reaction

Answer 33

Energy loss per reaction | Glucose --> co2 and water

Question 34

RER of Carbs

Answer 34

1 | glucose produces around 32 ATP. Associated with a ‘lot of water’

Question 35

RER of Fats

Answer 35

0.7 | fatty acids produce around 106 ATP (106 x 3 in a triglyceride)

Question 36

What type of reactant agent is NAD?

Answer 36

Oxidizing agent To be this it must become reduced b/c it is ‘stealing’ the electron from the ‘foodstuff it is oxidizing. Example: NAD oxidizes ‘foodstuff’ (foodstuff loses electron), becomes reduced itself as it gains an electron (NADH+).

Question 37

What type of reactant agent is NADH+

Answer 37

Reducing agent. It donates its electron(s) to Oxygen. Oxygen when reduced = H2O