Electrosurgery

Question 1

what is bipolar electrosurgery?

Answer 1

active output and patient return are both at surgery site
current path confined to tissue between forceps

Question 2

what is monopolar electrosurgery?

Answer 2

active electrode is in the wound
patient return electrode is attached somewhere else
current must flow through the patient

Question 3

what does electrocautery refer to?

Answer 3

direct current

Question 4

what are the four components of a monopolar circuit?

Answer 4

generator
active electrode
patient
patient return electrode

Question 5

what is important about the electrosurgical generator with safety?

Answer 5

minimal neuromuscular stimulation
no risk of electrocution

Question 6

waveform affects ___________ heat is produced

Answer 6

rate

Question 7

what are some variables that impact tissue effect?

Answer 7

waveform
power setting
size of electrode
time
manipulation of electrode
type of tissue
eschar

Question 8

what is the preferred pathway back in isolated electrosurgical systems?

Answer 8

patient return electrode

Question 9

what is the difference between the active and patient return electrode?

Answer 9

relative size
conductivity

Question 10

what areas should you avoid when placing pad sites?

Answer 10

vascular insufficiency
irregular body contours
bony prominences

Question 11

what will the return electrode monitoring do if the resistance is too high?

Answer 11

will automatically shut down unit

Question 12

when using the return electrode monitoring, what should you do if the system is not working well?

Answer 12

check the ground

Question 13

laser smoke from a gram of tissue is equivalent to three unfiltered cigarettes
electrosurgical smoke is equivalent to _____________________________

Answer 13

six unfiltered cigarettes

Question 14

is inert particulate matter filtered by the mask?

Answer 14

no

Question 15

how does tissue fusion technology such as ligasure (valleylab-covidian) fuse vessels?

Answer 15

bipolar energy and pressure

Question 16

what are the advantages of cryosurgery/cryotherapy?

Answer 16

speed
expense per treatment
ease of treatment
safety (minimal anesthesia)

Question 17

what sites are treated with cryosurgery/cryotherapy with predictable success?

Answer 17

eyelid
perianal
oral
skin

Question 18

what is commonly used in cryosurgery/cryosurgery in veterinary medicine?

Answer 18

liquid nitrogen
nitrous oxide

Question 19

what are the four parameters of tissue destruction with cryosurgery/cryotherapy?

Answer 19

temperature produced in the tissue
cooling rate
warming rate
repeated freezing

Question 20

when will a scab form with cryosurgery/cryotherapy?

Answer 20

within a few days

Question 21

what does laser stand for in laser surgery?

Answer 21

light
amplification by
stimulated
emission of
radiation

Question 22

what are the components of a surgical laser?

Answer 22

power source
laser medium
chamber to stimulate the emission of photons

Question 23

what are the properties of laser light?

Answer 23

monochromicity
coherence
collimation
high power

Question 24

what is a critical property of laser light?

Answer 24

monochromicity

Question 25

what is a fundamental goal of laser-tissue interactions?

Answer 25

absorption by specific targets

Question 26

what is the definition of chromophores?

Answer 26

light absorbing tissue components

Question 27

what is ND:YAG absorbed by?

Answer 27

red

Question 28

what are the safety components of biomedical lasers?

Answer 28

glasses smoke fire reflects off instruments

Question 29

what are the properties of electricity?

Answer 29

current circuit voltage resistance

Question 30

what happens when electrons encounter resistance?

Answer 30

heat is produced

Question 31

where should you place a patient return electrode?

Answer 31

well vascularized muscle mass

Question 32

what chemicals are in biological tissue smoke?

Answer 32

formaldehyde acetaldehyde toluene

Question 33

are biologically active things filtered by the mask?

Answer 33

yes

Question 34

what size vessels can be fused with tissue fusion technology?

Answer 34

up to 7mm

Question 35

what things can generally be removed via cryosurgery?

Answer 35

benign and small things

Question 36

what does spray freezing deliver?

Answer 36

combination of vapor and liquid nitrogen

Question 37

how are probes in probe freezing cooled?

Answer 37

circulating liquid cryogen through them

Question 38

are antibiotics necessary for cryosurgery?

Answer 38

not always

Question 39

what are the three types of laser effects on tissue?

Answer 39

photothermal photochemical photomechanical

Question 40

what do you use in laser surgery using carbon dioxide to direct it?

Answer 40

mirrors or mirror lined tubes

Question 41

what are some uses of laser surgery?

Answer 41

exploring chronic draining tracts brachycephalic syndrome: elongated soft palate, stenotic nares, everted laryngeal saccules lateral ear resection spay and neuter skin incisions for celiotomy procedures