Elementary First Aid

Question 1

DR ABC

Answer 1

Danger - is the scene safe?
Response - check for patient response, *Call for help
Airway - is there an open & clear airway?
Breathing - look, listen and feel for patient breathing
Blood - sever bleeding? *Stop immediately
Compressions - if not breathing, start chest compressions
Circulation - if patient is breathing, check for pulse

Question 2

Bleeding

Answer 2

Arterial - High-pressure blood vessels that carry blood from the heart. Bright red tends to splurt. *Most serious types of bleeding
Venous - Brings blood to the heart. Dark red flows steady
Capillary - Tiny hair-like vessels. Looks red, oozes slowly

Question 3

Treatment for Bleeding

Answer 3

Direct pressure
Elevation
Pressure dressing
Pressure point
Hemostatic agents
Tourniquet

Question 4

Shock

Answer 4

Inadequate oxygen delivery to all cells of the body.
Loss of blood is the most common cause of shock.

Rapid pulse
rapid breathing
anxiety, nervousness
cool skin
pale skin, blue skin
sweating, moist skin
weakness, thirst, tiredness
eventually low blood pressure

Question 5

Shock Treatment

Answer 5

Stop the bleeding
Put patient into shock position - lying on back legs elevated
Maintaining body temperature, cover with blankets
give oxygen

Question 6

Burns

Answer 6

1st - superficial layer of skin ex. sunburn
2nd - Blistering of skin, very painful
3rd - Black charred, or dry white. All layers of skin
*Most life-threating causes, shock/infection

Cool burn with warm water, apply a dressing or sterile non-adherent dressing

Electrical - turn off power, spinal protection when removing patient

Chemical - flush chemicals away with lots of water, eyes rinse for 20 minutes, do not contaminate the other eye.

Question 7

Head Injuries

Answer 7

Leading cause of trauma death

• Personality/temperament changes
• Consciousness, confusion, coma, seizures
• Visual changes, blurred/double vision
• Slurred/loss of speech
• Headache
• Nausea/vomiting

Question 8

Cardiac Arrest

Answer 8

“Electrical problem” of the heart

No pulse or breathing, heart is not pumping

CPR/AED

Question 9

Heart Attack

Answer 9

“Pluming” problem

Blockage of blood flow in one of the arteries. Most often, a blood clot

• Chest pain
• Pain may radiate out to shoulders, arms, neck, jaw
• Shortness of breath, trouble breathing
• Dizzy, light-headed
• Weak, exhausted
• Sudden cardiac arrest
• Nausea/Vomiting
• Heart palpitations

Question 10

Heart Attack Treatment

Answer 10

Call 911
Reduce bodies work load - rest
Oxygen
2-3 baby aspirin
Rapid Evacuation

First symptom of a heart attack is denial.

Question 11

Stroke

Answer 11

Blood clot blocking cerebral artery or rupture of cerebral artery

• Personality changes
• Confusion, blurred vision, slurring of speech, seizures etc.
• Call 911
• Oxygen
• Position patient heads up if possible
• Protect airway
• Radio medical advice

Question 12

CPR

Answer 12

Recognize the emergency (tap and shout)
Activate EMS (call 9-1-1)
Check for breathing.
Compressions: Provide 30 compressions.
Airway: Open the victim's airway.
Breathing: Give 2 breaths.
Continue till help arrives.

Question 13

AED

Answer 13

Automated External Defibrillator (AED)

is a portable electronic device that automatically diagnoses the life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias of ventricular fibrillation (VF) and pulseless ventricular tachycardia,[1] and is able to treat them through defibrillation, the application of electricity which stops the arrhythmia, allowing the heart to re-establish an effective rhythm.