elements, molecules and cells Flashcards
chemical elements
- what are they made of
- the structure of an atom
- charges around the atom
- exception element from the norm
- how is an element formed
- what are most abundant elements in living organism
- what is atomic number
- what is atomic mass
- what do happens when the same element has different number of neutrons
- one type of atom
- nucleus and surrounding/orbiting electrons. contains protons, neutrons and electrons
- nucleus positive charge due to protons and surrounding electrons negative charge
- hydrogen has 1 proton and 1 electron
- 2 or more atoms interact
- hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur
- Atomic number indicates number of protons
- Atomic mass measured in Dalton’s gives mass of the elements atoms, neutrons and protons
- called isotopes
molecules and compounds
- what makes up a molecule
- what bond forms between atoms
- what is this type of bond
- what makes up a compound
- difference between compound and a molecule
- difference between organic and inorganic compounds
- made up of the same or different types of atoms
- Atoms joined by covalent bonds
- A molecule with 2 or more different types of atom
- all compounds are molecules, not all molecules are compounds
- Organic compounds contain carbon, Inorganic compounds do not, eg. water
covalent bonds
- what is it
- how a single, double, etc bond is formed
- what determines the number of bonds formed
- When 2 atoms share electrons
- If each atom contributes 1 electron, a single bond is formed, 2 electrons, double bond, etc
- Number of bonds formed is determined by distribution of electrons in its electronic structure / orbit
groups common in compounds
- H2N
- CH3
- COOH
- amino group
- methyl group
- carboxyl group
Ions
- what does it mean to be an ion
- are molecules or compounds ions
- difference between an anion and cation
- an ion is an electrically charged compound
- Molecules are electrically neutral
- Compounds can be ions (electrically charged) - atoms with more electrons than protons are negatively charged (anion)
- Atoms with fewer electrons than protons are positively charged (cation)
radicals-
- what is a radical
- why is this different
- When a molecule or ion has an unpaired electron
- Most molecules and ions feature electrons in pairs
polar and miscibility-
- what is polar
- what is non polar
- what does polarity impact
- can polar and non polar molecules mix
- when there is 1 negative and 1 positive pole.
- when charge is evenly distributed
- miscibility (ability to mix with other substances)
- polar mix with polar, non polar mix with non polar, but polar and non polar don’t mix readily
solutions-
- what is a solution
- what is a solute and solvent
- what is concentration
- normal measurement for conc
- what does water (polar) mix with in the body
- mixing 2 or more substances to a homogenous mixture with the same composition all over its mass
- solvent is the substance present in the highest proportion
- amount of solute in a certain amount of solution
- moles per litre
- hydrophilic polar compounds
chemical reactions-
- what are reactants and products
- 3 different types of chemical reaction
- what is the principle of mass conservation
- what similar principle does reactions involving ions adhere to
- how do you know when equilibrium is met
what can determine pH in reactions
- substances consumed and substances produced
- reversible, irreversible, balanced
- atoms are rearranged, not gained or lost
- principle of charge conservation which is the the total amount of electric charge in a closed system must remain constant
- when no change is detected in the concentration of any participating substance
- the concentration of protons/hydrogen ions in a solution
cell basics
- Endoplasmic reticulum
- Mitochondria
- Golgi apparatus
- Nucleolus
- Nucleus
- Ribosomes
- Plasma membrane
- Lysosome
- synthesis and storage
- respiration
- protein secretion
- snythesises rRNA
- DNA
- protein synthesis
- transport, structural barrier
- breakdown
