Elements Of The Crime

Question 1

Causation

Answer 1

Factual - R v White

Legal -

• smith : operating and substantial cause
• Pagett : significant causal link
• medical cases :
  - Jordan : gross negligence will be a novus
  - Cheshire :
  - smith :
• acts of the victim : Roberts, unless the act is so “daft” as to be unforeseeable