elements of the p block Flashcards
what do alkali metals commonly form
form monatomic M+ cations
what do halogens commonly form
monatomic X- anions
what do alkali metals react to form
ionic solids, consisting of cations (M+) in combinations with:
O^2- (oxide)
O2^2- (peroxide)
or O2^- (superoxide)
atoms prefer to find O atom that matches its size, e.g. Li is smallest, prefers oxide
properties of boron
metalloid, covalent network, hard, black, high melting point
aluminium properties
metal, moderate melting point, represents the elements within the group
why does gallium have smaller ionic radius than aluminium
has a 3d subshell, electrons are poorly shielded, feels greater zeff,
most common oxidation state for G13
most common is +3, as you proceed down, +1 becomes more possible for Ga, In, and Ti
what is the inert pair effect
2 of 3 electrons are reluctant to participate in bonding, occurance of ox states two unit less than group’s
natural sources of boron
- extracted by converting minerals to oxide, followed by reduction
- ox state of 3+
- three-centre-two bond
industrial applications of boron
borid acid:
- white solid
-disinfectant, insecticide, fiberglass
boron:
- glass (resistant to thermal shock), cookware or lab glassware
aluminium
Al atoms packed tightly in infinite arrangement (representative of G13)
industrial extraction of aluminium
most abundant in earths crust
(unideal): electrolytic reduction but requires extremely high temperature (expensive)
hall-heroult: adds cryolite, lowers melting point and is easily accessible
applications of aluminium
- strong, lightwieght alloy
- resistant to corrosion when anodized
- can be recycled
- valuable for transportation, construction, and consumer packaging
group 15 elements
electron configuration ns2p3
nonmetals are likely to form 3- in ionic, form covalent with nonmetals, attain states from -3–> +5
going down the group ox state becomes more positive
nitrogen
naturally occurs as N2
