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Pathophysiology > Elimination > Flashcards

Elimination Flashcards

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1
Q

The basic unit of the Kidney

A

The nephron

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2
Q

What is the glomerulus?

A

Cluster of capillaries that filter blood into the Bowman’s capsule

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3
Q

What is GFR?

A

Glomerular Filteration Rate

90-120 ml/min

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4
Q

GFR is directly related to ___

A

Kidney Perfusion

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5
Q

GFR diminishes with __

A

Age

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6
Q

What age is the peak of kidney function?

A

30 years old

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7
Q

What is Urea?

A

Bodily wastes

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8
Q

High blood urea nitrogen (BUN) is

A

Azotemia

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9
Q

What 3 things increase BUN

A

The kidney dysfunctions
High protein diet is consumed
Dehydration concentrate blood urea

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10
Q

Aldosterone

A

Increases Na retention from nephron tubules

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11
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

A

Increases water retention from nephron tubules

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12
Q

Indicators for Kidney function

A

Serum creatinine
BUN
Creatinine clearance

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13
Q

What is creatinine?

A

a breakdown product of muscle

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14
Q

What does Creatinine clearance require?

A

Blod sample
Urine sample
24-hour urine volume

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15
Q

A decrease in creatinine clearance indicate what?

A

Decrease in GFR

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16
Q

High serum creatinine indicates what?

A

Kidney dysfunction

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17
Q

Why is BUN not tested alone?

A

There can be variations in people who are more muscular or have a high protein diet

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18
Q

Cystoscopy

A

invasive scope into the urethra and bladder

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19
Q

Why is ultrasound used to examine kidney function?

A

Visualize amount of urine in bladder

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20
Q

Urinaylsis

A

If high positive leukocyte esterase indicates bladder/kidney infection

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21
Q

IVP

A

Intravenous Pyelogram - type of radioactive dye

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22
Q

What is IVP used to detect?

A

Kidney stones

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23
Q

Urine Culture looks for a certain amount of ___

A

Colony forming units - indicates bacteria in urine

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24
Q

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)

A

An abrupt insult to the kidney that causes a rapid decrease in renal filtration function

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25
What is the most common cause of AKI
Ischemia of the kidney > Necrosis
26
Prerenal dysfunction
Caused by decreased blood flow and perfusion to the kidney
27
Prerenal Dysfunction examples
Hypertension Low CO Hemorrhagic bleeding Heart failure
28
Intrarenal dysfunction
Develops secondary to actual injuries to the kidneys itself
29
Intrarenal dysfunction examples
Trauma Nephrotoxic drugs (NSAIDS) Glomerulonephritis Acute tubule necrosis
30
Postrenal dysfunction
Related to obstruction of urine flow from kidneys
31
Postrenal dysfunction examples
Kidney Stones | Prostate Gland Hyperplasia (PBH)
32
4 Phases of AKI
Initial Insult Oliguria Diuresis Recovery
33
Initial Insult
Pre, intra, or post condition that disrupts kidney function
34
Oliguria
Low GFR Lack urine output Fluid overload
35
Diuresis
Large unconcentrated urine outflow | Kidneys not concentrating urine properly
36
Recovery
Healthy nephrons take over function of damaged nephrons | Normal kidney function resumes
37
Hydronephrosis
Kidney has fluid backup - Edema | Usually with POSTrenal dysfunction
38
Acute Tubular Necrosis
Most common cause fo AKI
39
When does ATN occur?
Lumen of nephron tubules become blocked due to sloughing off of lumen cells
40
If not treated what does ATN lead to?
Renal Failure
41
Common Signs of Kidney Disorder
Costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness Proteinuria Hematuria
42
Proteinuria a sign of injury where in the kidneys?
Glomerular injury
43
Low albumin (proteins) in the blood leads to decreased ___ pressure
Oncotic (Blood flow into the vessels from the tissues)
44
Decreased oncotic pressure leads to ___
Edema
45
Why does edema occur with decreased oncotic pressure?
Decreased Oncotic pressure results in overwhelming hydrostatic pressure (blood flow into the tissues)
46
What amount of urine output is classified as Oliguria?
Lower the 400 mL/day | Lower that 20 mL/hour
47
Stagnant urine is immediately considered what?
Medium for bacteria growth
48
Stagnant urine can also cause ___
Calcium formation > Kidney stones
49
Most common causes of End-Stage Renal Disease & Chronic Kidney Disease
Uncontrolled hypertension | Diabetes
50
Stage 1 of Chronic Kidney Disease
Greater than 90mL/min
51
Stage 2 of Chronic Kidney Disease
60-89 mL/min
52
Stage 3 of Chronic Kidney Disease
30-59 mL/min
53
Stage 4 of Chronic Kidney Disease
15-29 mL/min
54
Stage 5 of Chronic Kidney Disease
Lower than 15 mL/min
55
When is Chronic Kidney Disease considered serious
If less than 60 mL/min | Stage 3-5
56
BPH is __
Compression of the urethra by the hyperplasia of the prostate gland in males
57
Percent chance of 60 yr olds to get BPH
50%
58
Percent chance of 70 yr olds to get BPH
90%
59
BPH begins at what age?
40 yrs old
60
Risk factors for BPH
Male Age Black Males Obesity
61
Most common sign of BPH
Bladder outflow obstruction
62
Symptoms of BPH
Difficulty starting urination Interruption of stream Incomplete emptying of bladder
63
Villi are located where in the GI tract?
Small Intestine
64
Villi have what on them?
Microvilli & Goblet cells
65
Microvilli purpose
"Brush Border | Double the surface area > increase absorbent capacity of the small intestine
66
Goblet Cells purpose
Release enzymes Secrete mucus Absorb nutrients
67
Upper Endoscopy
Scope down the esophagus | Can look at Esophagus, Stomach, & Small Intestine
68
Sigmoidoscopy/Colonoscopy
Scope up the rectum | Looks at Large intestine
69
Taenia Coli
Longitudinal muscle bands of Large intestine
70
Haustra
Circular muscle layer that separates the colon into segments
71
Large Intestine Function
Absorption of water & electrolytes | Excretion
72
Peristalsis
Contraction and relaxation of muscles in the intestine to push contents forward
73
If peristalsis is slow you will have ___
Hard, dry stool
74
If peristalsis is fast you will have ___
Watery, liquid stool
75
Ulcerative Colitis
Only effects Large Intestine Moves from rectum up Pseudopolyps Predispose to colon cancer
76
Chron's Disease
Effects any of the GI tract Cobblestoning Genetic
77
Peak ages for UC
15-25 yrs. old | 55-65 yrs. old
78
UC increases ____ response
Inflammatory
79
UC symptoms
``` Blood in Stool Diarrhea Dehydration Abdominal distension Fever ```
80
UC Treatment
Corticosteroids Anti-inflammatories Rehydration Surgical options (if severe)
81
UC Primary Prevention
``` Emptying bladder on first urge Exercise Not smoking Normal BMI Regular elimination habits ```
82
UC Secondary Prevention
Screen for blood in stool Colonoscopy (ages 50-75) Prostate cancer screening

Pathophysiology (12 decks)

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