Elizabeth Flashcards
What was patronage?
A way of ensuring loyalty through rewards of titles, land and monopolies.
What are two examples of patronage?
Sir Walter Raleigh’s monopoly on tin; Robert Cecil’s monopoly on Starch
Who were Liz’s closest four advisors?
William Cecil; Francis Walsingham; Robert Dudley; Christopher Hatton
Which two of her four favourite advisors served as Secretary of State?
William Cecil and Francis Walsingham
Who was the “Secretary of State”?
The leader of the Privy Council
How many people were in the Privy Council?
Around 20 people in the Privy Coucil
Who were the Privy Council?
Elizabeth’s 20ish closest advisors who negotiated between Parliament and the Crown
Why was Elizabeth known as the “Virgin Queen”?
Because she never married
How was the economy at the start of Elizabeth’s reign?
Weak
Why did parliamentarians want to find Liz a husband?
Because they wanted her to have an heir
Why was it important for Liz to have an heir?
Because without a clear successor, there could be a civil war after her death.
Why did Liz reject King Phillip of Spain?
Because he was catholic, and England had now been made protestant by Liz’s father
Why didn’t Liz want to marry?
She didn’t want to risk losing her power as monarch to her husband (a man)
Liz rejected King Eric of _______
Sweden
Liz rejected Archduke ______ of Austria
Charles
Which year did Liz became Queen?
Liz became Queen in 1558
How old was Liz when she became Queen?
25 years old
How long was Liz’s reign?
44 years long
How many times did Liz call parliament during her reign?
13 times
What 3 things did Parliament do?
1 = pass laws, 2 = set taxes, 3 = advise the Queen
Why was MP Peter Wentworth arrested?
Suggesting that MPs should be allowed to express their view on ANY subject
How many times was MP Peter Wentworth arrested?
3 times
Who arrested MP Peter Wentworth one time?
Other MPs who supported Elizabeth (once).
What kind of person was most supportive of the middle way?
A protestant
Was all of parliament protestant?
No, there was a movement of Puritans in parliament who wanted to change the Church of England
Were the puritan parliamentarians able to change the Church of England?
No, they didn’t have enough support in parliament
What was a puritan?
A member of a radical branch of protestants who hated Catholicism
What did the government try to do to the poor at first?
Punish them
What was the 1563 Act?
Poor were categorised and then treated differently
Who were the Deserving Poor?
The old, young and sick
Who were the Undeserving Poor?
Criminals and beggars
How were the Deserving Poor treated?
Provided almshouses, clothes, food and money
How were the Undeserving Poor treated in 1563?
Beaten in the streets
Who were the Deserving Unemployed?
People who couldn’t find work
How were the Deserving Unemployed treated?
Cared for in almshouses and given apprenticeships
What was the 1572 Act?
The first compulsory poor tax law: “The Poor Rate”, and beggars were given new punishments
Who collected the Poor Rate?
Justices of the Peace
What was a Justice of the Peace?
Someone who made sure the public followed laws
Who paid the Poor Rate?
land owners
Where did Poor Rate money go?
To the deserving Poor
What punishments did beggars get under the 1572 act?
First offence = whipped, Second offence = hole bored through ear, Third offence = executed
What was the 1576 Act?
Each town had to provide work through workhouses
What was the 1598 Act?
“Overseers of the Poor” created, begging forbidden
What did an “Overseer of the Poor” do?
Calculate Poor Rate for each town, collect it, give it out, and supervise the parish Poor House
What happened to ear boring in 1598 act?
Practice ended
How were beggars punished in 1598?
Whipped through the streets- dangerous rogues banished/ executed
What was the 1601 Act?
Law making each parish levy a Poor Rate, provide work, care for orphans or the struggling, offer relief and ensure families looked after each other
How long did the 1601 Act last?
230 years
What scale was the 1601 act enforced
Nationwide
Did all MPs approve of monopolies?
No
Who was MP Robert Bell?
Someone who protested monopolies
When did MP Robert Bell protest monopolies?
1571
Did MP Robert Bell have support?
Yes, other MPs joined him
Did Elizabeth promise reforms to the monopoly system?
Yes, eventually
When did Elizabeth promise reforms to the monopoly system?
In 1601
What was wrong with Elizabeth’s promise to reform the monopoly system?
She gave no details and was very vague
Who was Lord Darnley
Mary Queen of Scots’s second husband
Who was Mary Queen of Scots accused of murdering?
Lord Darnley
When was Mary Queen of Scots accused of murder?
1567
Who was Mary Queen of Scots first married to?
The heir to the french throne
Why did Mary Queen of Scots return to Scotland?
Because her first husband died
Who was Mary Queen of Scots’s third husband?
The Earl of Bothwell
Why were people suspicious of the Earl of Bothwell?
Mary married him only a few months after Lord Darnely’s death. They suspected foul play
Why did the Scottish nobles rebel against Mary?
Because of the murder and the marriage
What did Mary do after the nobles rebelled?
Abdicated and fled to England
Why was Mary a threat to Elizabeth?
She was catholic, and the catholics saw her as a figurehead
What did the Privy Councillors want to do to Mary?
Execute her
What did Liz end up doing to Mary?
Held her captive for 19 while a murder investigation occurred
What were the Casket Letters?
Letters supposedly between Mary and Bothwell that indicated guilt, but could have been fake
What was the Northern Rebellion?
An attempt to depose Elizabeth (and replace her with Mary)
What was the Babington Plot?
A plot to overthrow Elizabeth and replace her with Mary as she was catholic
When was the Northern Rebellion?
1569
When was the Babington Plot?
1586
What year did Mary become Queen of Scotland
1542
How old was Mary (Scots) when she became Queen?
8 days old
When did Henry VIII split from the Catholic Church
The 1530s
What did Edward do (Cath. v Prot.) and how?
Make the country more protestant by removing elaborate statues and vestments
What did Mary do (Cath. v Prot.) and how?
Make the country catholic again w/ the pope as head of the church, and killing protestants
How many protestants did Mary execute
Nearly 300
What is transubstantiation
process were communion bread n wine turn into body n blood as it is eaten
What was the “Religious Settlement”
Elizabeth trying to find common ground between Protestantism and Catholocism
What Acts made up the Religious Settlement
Act of Uniformity; Act of Supremacy
When was the Act of Uniformity
1559
What was the Act of Uniformity
Services were to be made in english, using the Book of Common Prayer HOWEVER Catholics were free to worship how they wanted in private and keep the decorations and vestments
When was the Act of Supremacy
1559
What was the Act of Supremacy
Elizabeth was “governer” of the church rather than “head” of the church
Why was it important that the country became more secular
So that Catholics felt less persecuted
Who did Elizabeth appoint as Archbishop of Canterbury during her Religious Settlement
Matthew Parker
How did priests become more secular in Religious Settlement
they were allowed to marry
What was the Counter-Reformation
A movement by the catholic church to make England catholic again, using missionaries sent with the Pope’s support
Example of a Counter-Reformer who sent missionaries
William Allen (of the Netherlands)
Who were the Jesuits
A branch of counter-reformer missionaries who tried to spread their message in England
Why was Liz scared of the Jesuits
She thought they were a threat to national stability
Why did Liz become less tolerant of Catholics
she feared rebellion
When were fines for Catholics not participating in protestant services introduced
1571
Were fines for Catholics not participating in protestant services enforced?
No
When were fines for Catholics not participating in protestant services increased and what to?
1581, £20
What anti-Catholic rule came into place in 1585
Catholic priests who started practicing AFTER 1559 were traitors so could be put to death, Seminary was introduced, Jesuit priests were hounded from the country
What was Seminary
priest school
When was the ‘statute of confinement’
1593
What was the ‘statue of confinement’
Catholics could not travel more than five miles from home without permission
Who was Edward Campion
A popular jesuit priest trying to convert people, undermining Liz
What happened to Edward Campion and when
He was tortured n hanged at the tower in 1580
Who was John Field
A prominent Puritan
When was John Field banned from preaching
for encouraging prophesyings
When was John Field banned from preaching
1580
What was a prophesying
religious meetings where radical puritans often questioned the need for bishops
What was a radical puritan called
A Presbytarian
Who introduced the rule banning unlicensed preaching in the 1580s
John Whitgift
Who was John Whitgift
The new archbishop of canterbury, an anti-puritan
Why was Liz scared of Puritans
they thought her church was too catholic and undermined her decisions
What were printers punished for in the 1580s
circulating puritan messages
What happened if you didn’t follow the no-unlicensed preaching rule
You were imprisoned
Why was Liz threatened by the questioning of bishops
The people of the church were in charge, subverting the hierarchy and threatening her power n control
Who led the Northern Rebellion
the Earl of Westmorland and the Earl of Northumberland
Why did the two northern earls rebel
Many northern nobles were catholic, and the Queen had denied the Duke of Norfolk from marrying Mary QOS
Why did the Earl of Northumberland in particular rebel
Liz had confiscated a lot of his land, and given it to rival earls (one northern, one southern)
How did the Northern Rebellion begin
With an illegal catholic mass in Durham Cathedral
How many men marched south with the earls
4600
Who challenged the rebellion
The (loyalist) Earl of Sussex and his troops
What did the northern rebels do upon being challenged
they dispersed
What did Liz do after the Northern rebellion
Execute Earl of Nor., and imprison the Duke of Norfolk (Earl of Wes. escaped to France)
How did the northern rebellion backfire
They wanted more independence, but ended up with more government oppression
Who did Liz put in charge of the Council of the North to govern the region after the rebellion
Henry Hastings, a Puritan
When was Liz excommunicated
1570
What did Liz being excommunicated mean?
Catholics didn’t have to see her as a legit Queen, therefore she was more vulnerable to rebellion/attack
When was the Ridolfi Plot
1571
What was the Ridolfi Plot
Plan to assassinate Liz by Roberto di Ridolfi, and marry the Duke of Norfolk to Mary QOS
Outcome of the Ridolfi Plot
Duke of Norfolk executed, Mary QOS monitored more closely
Specifics of the Babington Plot
rich Catholic Anthony Babington sent coded messages to Mary QOS detailing that France and Spain would invade via beer barrels, however servants transporting the barrels were spys of Sir Francis Walsingham, spymaster
Outcome of Babington Plot
Mary QOS executed!!!! and Babington
When did Liz sign Mary QOS’s death warrant
1 Feb 1587
Implications of Mary QOS’s death warrant signed
Liz risked angering her enemies, the pope, France, and Spain, and possibily being executed later herself, in order to eliminate a current threat
Throckmorton plot
1583, Catholics would rebel, French troops would invade, funded by Pope n Spain, conspirator Throckmorton
Outcome of throckmorton
throck executed; nobles signed Bond of Association (anyone trying to assass./overthrow would be executed)
When was the Essex rebellion
1601
What did the Earl of Essex do to anger the queen before his rebellion
Failed to control rebels in the 9 year war, signed a truce, returned home, all without her consent
Earl of Essex’s name
Robert Devereaux
When did Liz’s court split into factions
1590s, when Walsingham and Hatton died
Who was Essex’s rival in court
Robert Cecil (and his father, William, before)
Example of previous success of Essex
Successfully attacked Cadiz in Spain
When did Essex attack Cadiz
1596
What happened to make Essex resent Liz after Cadiz
They argued, he turned his back on her, she hit him on the head and placed him under house arrest
How did Liz punish Essex for his actions in Ireland
Took away his sweet wine monopoly, costing him his power and influence
Why did Essex rebel
Because he had fallen from favour due to the Queen, and resented her
How many supporters did Essex have in his rebellion
About 200
What was Essex’s act of rebellion
Held four privy council members hostage
How did Robert Cecil respond to Essex’s rebellion
Called him a traitor
What happened after Cecil called Essex a traitor?
Many of his supporters abandoned him, he was arrested
What did Essex do to try and raise support
Bribed the Lord Chamberlain’s Men into performing Richard II at the globe
How much did the population grow under Liz’s reign
from 3 million to 4 million
Side effect of population growth (land)
More land competition, increased rent
Side effect of population growth (food)
Food prices went up as demand increased but supply could not keep up. Food prices grew faster than wages, so living standards decreased. The poor had less money for things like clothes and housing
How did farming methods change?
Sheep farming became popular instead of grain farming
Effect of farming methods changing?
Many people lost their jobs as farm workers
Why did poor people get less support from the church?
Monasteries had been dissolved by Henry VIII, who used to give medical treatment and support to the poor and sick
Why did the gentry come about under Liz’s reign?
Increased trading opportunities from explorers like Sir Francis Drake meant non-nobles could become rich
Who were the gentry
Wealthy land-owners beneath the noble classes
Why was fashion important to Elizabethans?
To showcase wealth and social status
What was fashion like in Elizabethan England
Elaborate, expensive and extravagant
Examples of clothes materials for the rich
Silk, velvet, lace
What was a ruff
A starched frill worn round the neck. Larger ruffs demonstrated how rich you were as you could afford lots of fabric to use on a ruff
Two details about Elizabethan dresses
Large skirts supported by a hoop; full length sleeves
Why did sheep farming become popular
Higher profits because only needs one worker (a shepherd) and wool could be sold to European countries for a higher price than grain
What did the gentry usually become?
MPs or Justices of the Peace
Why was the period called “the golden age”
Because living standards for some (not all, mainly the gentry) increased greatly
What style of small farms decreased in popularity?
Subsistence Farming
What was subsistence farming?
Small farms where farmers each grew only enough for themselves
Example famous actor
Richard Burbage
Example of Theatre Troupe
Lord Chamberlain’s Men (Shakespeare’s troop)
Could women be actors?
no
What was the new development in theatre in Elizabethan England?
Many of the first permanent theatres were built
Where did the rich sit in the theatre?
Galleries (covered)
Where did the poor stand in the theatre?
The pit
Name for the false ceiling of a theatre
“The heavens”
Examples of scenery/ special effects in a theatre
Props on stage, ropes and pulleys in the “heavens” for actors to “fly” in on harnesses, trapdoors leading to “hell”, cannons, live animals, music
What was “hell” in a theatre
An area under the stage for actors and props, which could access the stage through trapdoors
Why did everyone attend the theatre?
Low prices meant almost everyone could afford it
Were there hidden messages in plays?
Yes, critiquing the ruling class or giving political propaganda
Why was the Globe Theatre in the city of Southwark?
The City of London opposed theatres
Why did some London oppose theatres
They thought they encouraged crime and disruption
Why did Puritans oppose theatres
They thought they distracted from prayer and were sinful
Why did some oppose theatres medically
They thought large crowds increased the spread of diseases
Why could theatres be dangerous?
Members of the audience could get drunk on the ale/mead/wine sold as refreshments and be violent/commit crime
Popular expensive pastimes for the nobles?
Fencing, hunting, tennis
Popular pastimes for the poor
Feasts, jousts, bowls and archery
Why didn’t the poor have much time for leisure
They worked Monday-Saturday and went to church on Sunday
What was Elizabethan football like?
Villages would compete, no limit to team size, often violent
How were children taught
Behaviour and religion was taught at home, from 6yrs onwards they would go to Sunday School
How were rich children taught
With private tutors
How were poor children taught
Taught housekeeping and manual labour
What was Petty School
The lowest form of education, for boys and girls ages 5-7, with no classes or yearbooks, and no curriculum. It was run by priests or the wealthy, children would become literate and leave
What was a Grammar School
A school for ages 7-14, mostly boys, but had some noble girls, teaching religion, latin, greek and arithmetic
Who would attend University (Oxbridge)
Only men, the best students of the grammar schools. They learnt in latin
What would children learn to read and write with?
hornbooks (wooden paddles displaying things like alphabets or religious materials, protected by a transparent layer of horn)
Why were soldiers and monks, nuns and church employees short of work?
Under Henry VII, private armies had been restricted and monasteries had been dissolved
When were there bad harvests that caused food price inflation due to shortages
1594-1598
When was “Warning Against Vagabonds” published
1567
Who was “Warning Against Vagabonds” by
Thomas Harman
What belief explained the structure of society
The Great Chain of Being
Why were beggars and vagabonds still not trusted, despite attitudes towards the poor changing?
They were seen as dishonest and untrustworthy, and having no interest in honest work
Who was “Tom O’Bedlam”
A stereotype of a vagabond who would pretend to be mad in order to beg, who perpetuated anti-beggar beliefs
Why was the time period known as the “age of discovery”
Sailors like Sir Walter Raleigh, John Hawkins and Sir Francis Drake navigated the world, increasing England’s prestige and power
How did Elizabeth worsen her relations with King Philip II of Spain
By unofficially supporting the privateers who attacked his ships
What years did Drake circumnavigate the globe
1577-1580
Things Drake did on his journey
Raid Spanish ports in the Americas, lose several ships to storms
how did Liz reward Drake
by knighting him
How did Drake encourage other explorers
Through his knighthood and wealth
What did Walter Raleigh do in 1584
Be given the Queen’s permission to found colonies in any non-christian parts of the Americas
Did any of the american colonies last?
No
When did Raleigh set up Roanoke Island colony, Virginia?
1585
Why was it called “Virginia”
after the Virgin Queen
How many settles were on Roanoke Island
108
When did most of the Roanoke settlers return
1586
How many Roanoke settlers were left in 1590
none
Why was Roanoke unsuccessful
Not enough supplies, not enough quality farm land
Was Raleigh admired, despite his failure
Yes, he was a court favourite
What was Roanoke referred to as
The Lost Colony
When did Raleigh fall from favour
1592
Why did Raleigh fall from favour
Liz discovered he was married to one of her ladies in waiting
How did Liz punish Raleigh in 1592?
Banned him from court, imprisoned him briefly
Did Raleigh ever return to politics
Yes, as an MP
When did Raleigh become an MP
1593
What was most of Enland’s trade in 1550
Exporting wool to Antwerp
When was the East India Trading company created
1600
How were English Ships superior
Triangular sails were faster, astrolabe device improved navigation -> backstaff improved on astrolabe
Who invented the backstaff
John Davis
What was a backstaff
A navigation device used by the English
When was the backstaff invented
the 1590s
Who was John Hawkins
A courtier who kidnapped and sold hundreds of West Africans in 1564 and sold them to south america, and early example of the European Slave trade, and the first englishman to take part
When did John Hawkins kidnap the West Africans
1564
How did exploration bring wealth to the country?
More trade, raiding spanish ports
Reason for tension with spain (marriage)
King Philip II had been married to Mary, but she died without an heir, preventing spanish unification. He proposed to Liz but she rejected him
When did Mary (sis) die?
1558
Reason for tension with spain (religion)
Spain was catholic, liz was excommunicated in 1570
Reason for tension with spain (netherlands)
Netherlands were spanish; Liz supported protestant rebels financially. Treaty of Nonsuch gave them military support
What was the Treaty of Nonsuch?
Gave military support to Dutch rebels and promised that they had England’s protection
When was the Treaty of Nonsuch signed?
1585
Why did Liz support the rebels
She relied on dutch ports like Antwerp (wool) for trade, she wanted to maintain a balance against Spain’s growing power, and wanted to support fellow protestants
What did Robert Dudley do in the Netherlands in 1585
led in 7000 english troops after William of Orange’s death and became “Governer-General”
Why did the title of “governer-general” given to Dudley anger Philip II
It implied he was ruler of the netherlands
When did Dudley lose the war in the Netherlands and why
1587 (resigned) (bad strategy, under-equipped, under-funded)
Reason for tension with spain (privateers)
Privateers like Drake raided spanish ships and ports
How much did Drake take in his most profitable capture
36 kg of gold, a golden crucifix, jewels, 13 chests of royal plate and 26 tons of silver
What was the name of Drake’s most profitable capture?
Nuestra Señora de la Concepción
When did Philip II propose to Elizabeth
1559
How many spanish ships did Drake destroy in Cadiz
25-35
Why did Elizabeth support Drake raiding Cadiz
for that sweet loot, and because she suspected that Phil was preparing to go to war with her
What was the significance of lots of wood being damaged in the Cadiz raid
wood was used to store food, which now couldn’t be stored well, so lots rotted en route
Nickname for the raid on Cadiz
Singeing of the King of Spain’s beard
how much did the Cadiz raid delay the spanish armarda by
12 months
What was a fireship
An old ship set ablaze and sent into the middle of the enemy, inciting panic
How did new technology assist in the spanish armada
Lateen sails made english ships very fast and agile, as well as more precise in attack; cannons were developed to be more powerful
How did morale assist in the spanish armada
Elizabeth personally delivered a speech to the english sailors, encouraging them in battle
Where did Elizabeth deliver her armada speech
Tilbury Docks
Examples of poor spanish tactics in the armada?
Tried to board to fight, but English just kept their distance, men were less experienced
Examples of good english tactics in the armada
Targeted the broadside, killing gunners, so that no one could operate cannons; English had a large navy of fighting vessels due to Henry VIII; “line of battle” formation meant a single line of ships fired on the enemy; fireships
Who was Liz’s naval commanda
John Hawkins
When was the spanish armada
1588
How many spanish ships were in the armada
151 ships
How many spanish sailors were in the armada
7,000 sailors
How many soldiers were in the armada
34,000 soldiers
Outcome of Armada
English won, many catholics pledged loyalty to the Queen “god was on her side”, Phil was too intimidated to go through with a second attempt
