Elizabeth Flashcards
(263 cards)
1
Q
What was patronage?
A
A way of ensuring loyalty through rewards of titles, land and monopolies.
2
Q
What are two examples of patronage?
A
Sir Walter Raleigh’s monopoly on tin; Robert Cecil’s monopoly on Starch
3
Q
Who were Liz’s closest four advisors?
A
William Cecil; Francis Walsingham; Robert Dudley; Christopher Hatton
4
Q
Which two of her four favourite advisors served as Secretary of State?
A
William Cecil and Francis Walsingham
5
Q
Who was the “Secretary of State”?
A
The leader of the Privy Council
6
Q
How many people were in the Privy Council?
A
Around 20 people in the Privy Coucil
7
Q
Who were the Privy Council?
A
Elizabeth’s 20ish closest advisors who negotiated between Parliament and the Crown
8
Q
Why was Elizabeth known as the “Virgin Queen”?
A
Because she never married
9
Q
How was the economy at the start of Elizabeth’s reign?
A
Weak
10
Q
Why did parliamentarians want to find Liz a husband?
A
Because they wanted her to have an heir
11
Q
Why was it important for Liz to have an heir?
A
Because without a clear successor, there could be a civil war after her death.
12
Q
Why did Liz reject King Phillip of Spain?
A
Because he was catholic, and England had now been made protestant by Liz’s father
13
Q
Why didn’t Liz want to marry?
A
She didn’t want to risk losing her power as monarch to her husband (a man)
14
Q
Liz rejected King Eric of _______
A
Sweden
15
Q
Liz rejected Archduke ______ of Austria
A
Charles
16
Q
Which year did Liz became Queen?
A
Liz became Queen in 1558
17
Q
How old was Liz when she became Queen?
A
25 years old
18
Q
How long was Liz’s reign?
A
44 years long
19
Q
How many times did Liz call parliament during her reign?
A
13 times
20
Q
What 3 things did Parliament do?
A
1 = pass laws, 2 = set taxes, 3 = advise the Queen
21
Q
Why was MP Peter Wentworth arrested?
A
Suggesting that MPs should be allowed to express their view on ANY subject
22
Q
How many times was MP Peter Wentworth arrested?
A
3 times
23
Q
Who arrested MP Peter Wentworth one time?
A
Other MPs who supported Elizabeth (once).
24
Q
What kind of person was most supportive of the middle way?
A
A protestant
25
Was all of parliament protestant?
No, there was a movement of Puritans in parliament who wanted to change the Church of England
26
Were the puritan parliamentarians able to change the Church of England?
No, they didn't have enough support in parliament
27
What was a puritan?
A member of a radical branch of protestants who hated Catholicism
28
What did the government try to do to the poor at first?
Punish them
29
What was the 1563 Act?
Poor were categorised and then treated differently
30
Who were the Deserving Poor?
The old, young and sick
31
Who were the Undeserving Poor?
Criminals and beggars
32
How were the Deserving Poor treated?
Provided almshouses, clothes, food and money
33
How were the Undeserving Poor treated in 1563?
Beaten in the streets
34
Who were the Deserving Unemployed?
People who couldn't find work
35
How were the Deserving Unemployed treated?
Cared for in almshouses and given apprenticeships
36
What was the 1572 Act?
The first compulsory poor tax law: "The Poor Rate", and beggars were given new punishments
37
Who collected the Poor Rate?
Justices of the Peace
38
What was a Justice of the Peace?
Someone who made sure the public followed laws
39
Who paid the Poor Rate?
land owners
40
Where did Poor Rate money go?
To the deserving Poor
41
What punishments did beggars get under the 1572 act?
First offence = whipped, Second offence = hole bored through ear, Third offence = executed
42
What was the 1576 Act?
Each town had to provide work through workhouses
43
What was the 1598 Act?
"Overseers of the Poor" created, begging forbidden
44
What did an "Overseer of the Poor" do?
Calculate Poor Rate for each town, collect it, give it out, and supervise the parish Poor House
45
What happened to ear boring in 1598 act?
Practice ended
46
How were beggars punished in 1598?
Whipped through the streets- dangerous rogues banished/ executed
47
What was the 1601 Act?
Law making each parish levy a Poor Rate, provide work, care for orphans or the struggling, offer relief and ensure families looked after each other
48
How long did the 1601 Act last?
230 years
49
What scale was the 1601 act enforced
Nationwide
50
Did all MPs approve of monopolies?
No
51
Who was MP Robert Bell?
Someone who protested monopolies
52
When did MP Robert Bell protest monopolies?
1571
53
Did MP Robert Bell have support?
Yes, other MPs joined him
54
Did Elizabeth promise reforms to the monopoly system?
Yes, eventually
55
When did Elizabeth promise reforms to the monopoly system?
In 1601
56
What was wrong with Elizabeth's promise to reform the monopoly system?
She gave no details and was very vague
57
Who was Lord Darnley
Mary Queen of Scots's second husband
58
Who was Mary Queen of Scots accused of murdering?
Lord Darnley
59
When was Mary Queen of Scots accused of murder?
1567
60
Who was Mary Queen of Scots first married to?
The heir to the french throne
61
Why did Mary Queen of Scots return to Scotland?
Because her first husband died
62
Who was Mary Queen of Scots's third husband?
The Earl of Bothwell
63
Why were people suspicious of the Earl of Bothwell?
Mary married him only a few months after Lord Darnely's death. They suspected foul play
64
Why did the Scottish nobles rebel against Mary?
Because of the murder and the marriage
65
What did Mary do after the nobles rebelled?
Abdicated and fled to England
66
Why was Mary a threat to Elizabeth?
She was catholic, and the catholics saw her as a figurehead
67
What did the Privy Councillors want to do to Mary?
Execute her
68
What did Liz end up doing to Mary?
Held her captive for 19 while a murder investigation occurred
69
What were the Casket Letters?
Letters supposedly between Mary and Bothwell that indicated guilt, but could have been fake
70
What was the Northern Rebellion?
An attempt to depose Elizabeth (and replace her with Mary)
71
What was the Babington Plot?
A plot to overthrow Elizabeth and replace her with Mary as she was catholic
72
When was the Northern Rebellion?
1569
73
When was the Babington Plot?
1586
74
What year did Mary become Queen of Scotland
1542
75
How old was Mary (Scots) when she became Queen?
8 days old
76
When did Henry VIII split from the Catholic Church
The 1530s
77
What did Edward do (Cath. v Prot.) and how?
Make the country more protestant by removing elaborate statues and vestments
78
What did Mary do (Cath. v Prot.) and how?
Make the country catholic again w/ the pope as head of the church, and killing protestants
79
How many protestants did Mary execute
Nearly 300
80
What is transubstantiation
process were communion bread n wine turn into body n blood as it is eaten
81
What was the "Religious Settlement"
Elizabeth trying to find common ground between Protestantism and Catholocism
82
What Acts made up the Religious Settlement
Act of Uniformity; Act of Supremacy
83
When was the Act of Uniformity
1559
84
What was the Act of Uniformity
Services were to be made in english, using the Book of Common Prayer HOWEVER Catholics were free to worship how they wanted in private and keep the decorations and vestments
85
When was the Act of Supremacy
1559
86
What was the Act of Supremacy
Elizabeth was "governer" of the church rather than "head" of the church
87
Why was it important that the country became more secular
So that Catholics felt less persecuted
88
Who did Elizabeth appoint as Archbishop of Canterbury during her Religious Settlement
Matthew Parker
89
How did priests become more secular in Religious Settlement
they were allowed to marry
90
What was the Counter-Reformation
A movement by the catholic church to make England catholic again, using missionaries sent with the Pope's support
91
Example of a Counter-Reformer who sent missionaries
William Allen (of the Netherlands)
92
Who were the Jesuits
A branch of counter-reformer missionaries who tried to spread their message in England
93
Why was Liz scared of the Jesuits
She thought they were a threat to national stability
94
Why did Liz become less tolerant of Catholics
she feared rebellion
95
When were fines for Catholics not participating in protestant services introduced
1571
96
Were fines for Catholics not participating in protestant services enforced?
No
97
When were fines for Catholics not participating in protestant services increased and what to?
1581, £20
98
What anti-Catholic rule came into place in 1585
Catholic priests who started practicing AFTER 1559 were traitors so could be put to death, Seminary was introduced, Jesuit priests were hounded from the country
99
What was Seminary
priest school
100
When was the 'statute of confinement'
1593
101
What was the 'statue of confinement'
Catholics could not travel more than five miles from home without permission
102
Who was Edward Campion
A popular jesuit priest trying to convert people, undermining Liz
103
What happened to Edward Campion and when
He was tortured n hanged at the tower in 1580
104
Who was John Field
A prominent Puritan
105
When was John Field banned from preaching
for encouraging prophesyings
106
When was John Field banned from preaching
1580
107
What was a prophesying
religious meetings where radical puritans often questioned the need for bishops
108
What was a radical puritan called
A Presbytarian
109
Who introduced the rule banning unlicensed preaching in the 1580s
John Whitgift
110
Who was John Whitgift
The new archbishop of canterbury, an anti-puritan
111
Why was Liz scared of Puritans
they thought her church was too catholic and undermined her decisions
112
What were printers punished for in the 1580s
circulating puritan messages
113
What happened if you didn't follow the no-unlicensed preaching rule
You were imprisoned
114
Why was Liz threatened by the questioning of bishops
The people of the church were in charge, subverting the hierarchy and threatening her power n control
115
Who led the Northern Rebellion
the Earl of Westmorland and the Earl of Northumberland
116
Why did the two northern earls rebel
Many northern nobles were catholic, and the Queen had denied the Duke of Norfolk from marrying Mary QOS
117
Why did the Earl of Northumberland in particular rebel
Liz had confiscated a lot of his land, and given it to rival earls (one northern, one southern)
118
How did the Northern Rebellion begin
With an illegal catholic mass in Durham Cathedral
119
How many men marched south with the earls
4600
120
Who challenged the rebellion
The (loyalist) Earl of Sussex and his troops
121
What did the northern rebels do upon being challenged
they dispersed
122
What did Liz do after the Northern rebellion
Execute Earl of Nor., and imprison the Duke of Norfolk (Earl of Wes. escaped to France)
123
How did the northern rebellion backfire
They wanted more independence, but ended up with more government oppression
124
Who did Liz put in charge of the Council of the North to govern the region after the rebellion
Henry Hastings, a Puritan
125
When was Liz excommunicated
1570
126
What did Liz being excommunicated mean?
Catholics didn't have to see her as a legit Queen, therefore she was more vulnerable to rebellion/attack
127
When was the Ridolfi Plot
1571
128
What was the Ridolfi Plot
Plan to assassinate Liz by Roberto di Ridolfi, and marry the Duke of Norfolk to Mary QOS
129
Outcome of the Ridolfi Plot
Duke of Norfolk executed, Mary QOS monitored more closely
130
Specifics of the Babington Plot
rich Catholic Anthony Babington sent coded messages to Mary QOS detailing that France and Spain would invade via beer barrels, however servants transporting the barrels were spys of Sir Francis Walsingham, spymaster
131
Outcome of Babington Plot
Mary QOS executed!!!! and Babington
132
When did Liz sign Mary QOS's death warrant
1 Feb 1587
133
Implications of Mary QOS's death warrant signed
Liz risked angering her enemies, the pope, France, and Spain, and possibily being executed later herself, in order to eliminate a current threat
134
Throckmorton plot
1583, Catholics would rebel, French troops would invade, funded by Pope n Spain, conspirator Throckmorton
135
Outcome of throckmorton
throck executed; nobles signed Bond of Association (anyone trying to assass./overthrow would be executed)
136
When was the Essex rebellion
1601
137
What did the Earl of Essex do to anger the queen before his rebellion
Failed to control rebels in the 9 year war, signed a truce, returned home, all without her consent
138
Earl of Essex's name
Robert Devereaux
139
When did Liz's court split into factions
1590s, when Walsingham and Hatton died
140
Who was Essex's rival in court
Robert Cecil (and his father, William, before)
141
Example of previous success of Essex
Successfully attacked Cadiz in Spain
142
When did Essex attack Cadiz
1596
143
What happened to make Essex resent Liz after Cadiz
They argued, he turned his back on her, she hit him on the head and placed him under house arrest
144
How did Liz punish Essex for his actions in Ireland
Took away his sweet wine monopoly, costing him his power and influence
145
Why did Essex rebel
Because he had fallen from favour due to the Queen, and resented her
146
How many supporters did Essex have in his rebellion
About 200
147
What was Essex's act of rebellion
Held four privy council members hostage
148
How did Robert Cecil respond to Essex's rebellion
Called him a traitor
149
What happened after Cecil called Essex a traitor?
Many of his supporters abandoned him, he was arrested
150
What did Essex do to try and raise support
Bribed the Lord Chamberlain's Men into performing Richard II at the globe
151
How much did the population grow under Liz's reign
from 3 million to 4 million
152
Side effect of population growth (land)
More land competition, increased rent
153
Side effect of population growth (food)
Food prices went up as demand increased but supply could not keep up. Food prices grew faster than wages, so living standards decreased. The poor had less money for things like clothes and housing
154
How did farming methods change?
Sheep farming became popular instead of grain farming
155
Effect of farming methods changing?
Many people lost their jobs as farm workers
156
Why did poor people get less support from the church?
Monasteries had been dissolved by Henry VIII, who used to give medical treatment and support to the poor and sick
157
Why did the gentry come about under Liz's reign?
Increased trading opportunities from explorers like Sir Francis Drake meant non-nobles could become rich
158
Who were the gentry
Wealthy land-owners beneath the noble classes
159
Why was fashion important to Elizabethans?
To showcase wealth and social status
160
What was fashion like in Elizabethan England
Elaborate, expensive and extravagant
161
Examples of clothes materials for the rich
Silk, velvet, lace
162
What was a ruff
A starched frill worn round the neck. Larger ruffs demonstrated how rich you were as you could afford lots of fabric to use on a ruff
163
Two details about Elizabethan dresses
Large skirts supported by a hoop; full length sleeves
164
Why did sheep farming become popular
Higher profits because only needs one worker (a shepherd) and wool could be sold to European countries for a higher price than grain
165
What did the gentry usually become?
MPs or Justices of the Peace
166
Why was the period called "the golden age"
Because living standards for some (not all, mainly the gentry) increased greatly
167
What style of small farms decreased in popularity?
Subsistence Farming
168
What was subsistence farming?
Small farms where farmers each grew only enough for themselves
169
Example famous actor
Richard Burbage
170
Example of Theatre Troupe
Lord Chamberlain's Men (Shakespeare's troop)
171
Could women be actors?
no
172
What was the new development in theatre in Elizabethan England?
Many of the first permanent theatres were built
173
Where did the rich sit in the theatre?
Galleries (covered)
174
Where did the poor stand in the theatre?
The pit
175
Name for the false ceiling of a theatre
"The heavens"
176
Examples of scenery/ special effects in a theatre
Props on stage, ropes and pulleys in the "heavens" for actors to "fly" in on harnesses, trapdoors leading to "hell", cannons, live animals, music
177
What was "hell" in a theatre
An area under the stage for actors and props, which could access the stage through trapdoors
178
Why did everyone attend the theatre?
Low prices meant almost everyone could afford it
179
Were there hidden messages in plays?
Yes, critiquing the ruling class or giving political propaganda
180
Why was the Globe Theatre in the city of Southwark?
The City of London opposed theatres
181
Why did some London oppose theatres
They thought they encouraged crime and disruption
182
Why did Puritans oppose theatres
They thought they distracted from prayer and were sinful
183
Why did some oppose theatres medically
They thought large crowds increased the spread of diseases
184
Why could theatres be dangerous?
Members of the audience could get drunk on the ale/mead/wine sold as refreshments and be violent/commit crime
185
Popular expensive pastimes for the nobles?
Fencing, hunting, tennis
186
Popular pastimes for the poor
Feasts, jousts, bowls and archery
187
Why didn't the poor have much time for leisure
They worked Monday-Saturday and went to church on Sunday
188
What was Elizabethan football like?
Villages would compete, no limit to team size, often violent
189
How were children taught
Behaviour and religion was taught at home, from 6yrs onwards they would go to Sunday School
190
How were rich children taught
With private tutors
191
How were poor children taught
Taught housekeeping and manual labour
192
What was Petty School
The lowest form of education, for boys and girls ages 5-7, with no classes or yearbooks, and no curriculum. It was run by priests or the wealthy, children would become literate and leave
193
What was a Grammar School
A school for ages 7-14, mostly boys, but had some noble girls, teaching religion, latin, greek and arithmetic
194
Who would attend University (Oxbridge)
Only men, the best students of the grammar schools. They learnt in latin
195
What would children learn to read and write with?
hornbooks (wooden paddles displaying things like alphabets or religious materials, protected by a transparent layer of horn)
196
Why were soldiers and monks, nuns and church employees short of work?
Under Henry VII, private armies had been restricted and monasteries had been dissolved
197
When were there bad harvests that caused food price inflation due to shortages
1594-1598
198
When was "Warning Against Vagabonds" published
1567
199
Who was "Warning Against Vagabonds" by
Thomas Harman
200
What belief explained the structure of society
The Great Chain of Being
201
Why were beggars and vagabonds still not trusted, despite attitudes towards the poor changing?
They were seen as dishonest and untrustworthy, and having no interest in honest work
202
Who was "Tom O'Bedlam"
A stereotype of a vagabond who would pretend to be mad in order to beg, who perpetuated anti-beggar beliefs
203
Why was the time period known as the "age of discovery"
Sailors like Sir Walter Raleigh, John Hawkins and Sir Francis Drake navigated the world, increasing England's prestige and power
204
How did Elizabeth worsen her relations with King Philip II of Spain
By unofficially supporting the privateers who attacked his ships
205
What years did Drake circumnavigate the globe
1577-1580
206
Things Drake did on his journey
Raid Spanish ports in the Americas, lose several ships to storms
207
how did Liz reward Drake
by knighting him
208
How did Drake encourage other explorers
Through his knighthood and wealth
209
What did Walter Raleigh do in 1584
Be given the Queen's permission to found colonies in any non-christian parts of the Americas
210
Did any of the american colonies last?
No
211
When did Raleigh set up Roanoke Island colony, Virginia?
1585
212
Why was it called "Virginia"
after the Virgin Queen
213
How many settles were on Roanoke Island
108
214
When did most of the Roanoke settlers return
1586
215
How many Roanoke settlers were left in 1590
none
216
Why was Roanoke unsuccessful
Not enough supplies, not enough quality farm land
217
Was Raleigh admired, despite his failure
Yes, he was a court favourite
218
What was Roanoke referred to as
The Lost Colony
219
When did Raleigh fall from favour
1592
220
Why did Raleigh fall from favour
Liz discovered he was married to one of her ladies in waiting
221
How did Liz punish Raleigh in 1592?
Banned him from court, imprisoned him briefly
222
Did Raleigh ever return to politics
Yes, as an MP
223
When did Raleigh become an MP
1593
224
What was most of Enland's trade in 1550
Exporting wool to Antwerp
225
When was the East India Trading company created
1600
226
How were English Ships superior
Triangular sails were faster, astrolabe device improved navigation -> backstaff improved on astrolabe
227
Who invented the backstaff
John Davis
228
What was a backstaff
A navigation device used by the English
229
When was the backstaff invented
the 1590s
230
Who was John Hawkins
A courtier who kidnapped and sold hundreds of West Africans in 1564 and sold them to south america, and early example of the European Slave trade, and the first englishman to take part
231
When did John Hawkins kidnap the West Africans
1564
232
How did exploration bring wealth to the country?
More trade, raiding spanish ports
233
Reason for tension with spain (marriage)
King Philip II had been married to Mary, but she died without an heir, preventing spanish unification. He proposed to Liz but she rejected him
234
When did Mary (sis) die?
1558
235
Reason for tension with spain (religion)
Spain was catholic, liz was excommunicated in 1570
236
Reason for tension with spain (netherlands)
Netherlands were spanish; Liz supported protestant rebels financially. Treaty of Nonsuch gave them military support
237
What was the Treaty of Nonsuch?
Gave military support to Dutch rebels and promised that they had England's protection
238
When was the Treaty of Nonsuch signed?
1585
239
Why did Liz support the rebels
She relied on dutch ports like Antwerp (wool) for trade, she wanted to maintain a balance against Spain's growing power, and wanted to support fellow protestants
240
What did Robert Dudley do in the Netherlands in 1585
led in 7000 english troops after William of Orange's death and became "Governer-General"
241
Why did the title of "governer-general" given to Dudley anger Philip II
It implied he was ruler of the netherlands
242
When did Dudley lose the war in the Netherlands and why
1587 (resigned) (bad strategy, under-equipped, under-funded)
243
Reason for tension with spain (privateers)
Privateers like Drake raided spanish ships and ports
244
How much did Drake take in his most profitable capture
36 kg of gold, a golden crucifix, jewels, 13 chests of royal plate and 26 tons of silver
245
What was the name of Drake's most profitable capture?
Nuestra Señora de la Concepción
246
When did Philip II propose to Elizabeth
1559
247
How many spanish ships did Drake destroy in Cadiz
25-35
248
Why did Elizabeth support Drake raiding Cadiz
for that sweet loot, and because she suspected that Phil was preparing to go to war with her
249
What was the significance of lots of wood being damaged in the Cadiz raid
wood was used to store food, which now couldn't be stored well, so lots rotted en route
250
Nickname for the raid on Cadiz
Singeing of the King of Spain's beard
251
how much did the Cadiz raid delay the spanish armarda by
12 months
252
What was a fireship
An old ship set ablaze and sent into the middle of the enemy, inciting panic
253
How did new technology assist in the spanish armada
Lateen sails made english ships very fast and agile, as well as more precise in attack; cannons were developed to be more powerful
254
How did morale assist in the spanish armada
Elizabeth personally delivered a speech to the english sailors, encouraging them in battle
255
Where did Elizabeth deliver her armada speech
Tilbury Docks
256
Examples of poor spanish tactics in the armada?
Tried to board to fight, but English just kept their distance, men were less experienced
257
Examples of good english tactics in the armada
Targeted the broadside, killing gunners, so that no one could operate cannons; English had a large navy of fighting vessels due to Henry VIII; "line of battle" formation meant a single line of ships fired on the enemy; fireships
258
Who was Liz's naval commanda
John Hawkins
259
When was the spanish armada
1588
260
How many spanish ships were in the armada
151 ships
261
How many spanish sailors were in the armada
7,000 sailors
262
How many soldiers were in the armada
34,000 soldiers
263
Outcome of Armada
English won, many catholics pledged loyalty to the Queen "god was on her side", Phil was too intimidated to go through with a second attempt
