Elizabeth Flashcards
(71 cards)
1
Q
What are the characteristics of Elizabeth?
A
- Manipulative
- Vengeful-low mood-act brutally
- Kind, loyal, thoughtful
- Cared what people thought of her
- Dominant but unpredictable
- Split personality depending on context
2
Q
How was Elizabeth Intelligent?
A
- Manipulated people with how she looks
* Rodger Ascham protest tutor - taught her classical languages & theology & philosophy
3
Q
What Challenges did Elizabeth face?
A
- Religious division & uncertainty across England
- Woman - people thought man would be better & looked for replacement
- England weak compared to France & Spain
- Expectation to marriage & furthering Tudor lone & cause conflict - who’s gonna come next in reign
4
Q
Who was Elizabeth’s sister?
A
- Mary 1st
- Catholic
- Aggressive = Bloody Mary
- Jealously - miss trust between sisters
5
Q
What was Patronage in Elizabeth’s government?
A
- Ensured Queen remains heart of political system
- Give important jobs to particular men
- Highly corrupt system
- Key politicians given places at court
- Caused intense competition between courtiers
6
Q
What was the Royal Court in Elizabeth’s government?
A
- Give impression of power
- 500 courtiers
- Courtiers competed for power
7
Q
What was the Parliament in Elizabeth’s government?
A
- Only called on 13 occasions
- Queen relies on parliamentary taxes (11/13)
- If Queen want to change law, needs to go through parliament
- Passed legalisation on taxes
- Some MPs became self confident in legalisation on taxes, marriage, religion, succession
- Queen influences & controlled them - privy council, her personality & speeches, royal veto, arresting MPs
8
Q
What was the Privy Council in Elizabeth’s government?
A
- Coordinated finances, law courts, regions
- Advised Queen&directed policy
- Queen often ignored their advice
- Loyal & trustworthy - William Cecil was her favourite
9
Q
What was Divide & Rule in Elizabeth’s government?
A
- Men compete for her affection
* Queen employed people who were hostile towards each other
10
Q
What were the Changes in Elizabeth’s government?
A
- Mp’s more self confident to argue about Queen marriage, religion, trading monopolies
- Used her power to limit influence of Parliament - using force of her personality, speeches to charm, bully members
- Limited Mp right of free speech - imprisoned Peter Wentworth in 1576 for arguing freedom of speech
11
Q
What were the Features of Elizabethan Parliament?
A
- 2 houses-lords(more powerful/Catholic), commons (Protestant)
- Queen calls when she wants it, have factions
- Appoint a speaker - legislative agenda
- Use legalisations as leverage to achieve other goals
- Gift privy councillors land & control MPs
- Royal veto - Queen can reject legislation passed by Parliament
12
Q
What did the House of Commons consist of?
A
- 450 elected MPs - appointed by Duke/earl that own land of constituency (rural), elected by town Burgesses (urban)
- Middle class gentry = lawyers, merchants, banking, education, etc
- Lawyers - good at speaking, skilled, challenge Elizabeth, knows how Parliament works
- More Protestant
13
Q
What did the House of Lords consist of?
A
- Aristocracy, Duke, Earls, Earls, 23 Bishops = 90 in total
* More catholic
14
Q
Why did Divide & Rule not work in 1601?
A
- Economic debt
- Elizabeth aging so don’t see her Ss week - Essex saw opportunity
- Key Privy Council members died so no one loyal to her
15
Q
Why were the 1590’s ‘years of decline’ for Elizabeth?
A
- Rise in challenge in Parliament
- Loss in confidence in Queen
- People looking for new leaders as Elizabeth ageing - loss of loyalty
- Breakdown of patronage - loss of loyalty - caused by dept in government
- Key council members dying - Dudley, Cecil, Walsingham, Hatton - now lack of loyalty
- Country damaged by war plague, increased poverty, repeated harvest failures = pressure on Elizabethan government
16
Q
What were the Causes for the Essex Rebellion?
A
- Essex handling of Irish Rebellion
- Essex’s conduct in front of Elizabeth
- Success of Essex’s raid on Cadiz
- Role of Cecil
17
Q
How was Essex’s handing of the Irish Rebellion a cause of the Essex Rebellion?
A
- Elizabeth asked him to defeat Rebellion in Ireland-led by Earl of Tyrone in 1598
- Instead Essex made peace with Tyrone against Elizabeth orders
18
Q
How was the success of Essex’s raid on Cadiz a cause of the Essex Rebellion?
A
National hero when he shared command of expedition that captured Cadiz from Spanish - became confident from this
19
Q
How was Essex’s conduct in front of Elizabeth a cause of the Essex Rebellion?
A
- Essex broke into her bedchamber to explain his actions on Irish rebellion
- This alarmed & angered her because she had her wig off and makeup
- He was banned from court & financially ruined
20
Q
How was the role of Cecil a cause of the Essex Rebellion?
A
- Cecil held much power which angered Essex (jealous) - made division in council
- Queen promoted Cecil while Essex was fighting in Ireland - jealousy sparked
21
Q
Why did the Essex Rebellion fail?
A
- He had few supporters (300)
- Badly planned, Elizabeth spies had informed her of plot
- Elizabeth defenders were well prepared and well armed
- He underestimated power of Queen & her government, overestimated his strength
- Supporters quickly deserted him when offered a pardon
22
Q
When was the Essex Rebellion?
A
1601
23
Q
What were the Strengths of Elizabeth Marrying?
A
- Have child - carry on Tudor name - clear line of succession - if not then there will be civil war
- If marry foreign king/prince - could make alliance
24
Q
What were the Weaknesses of Elizabeth marrying?
A
- Not marry place England in bad position = power go to Mary Queen of Scots (catholic)
- Split in power, man automatically become more powerful
- Marry foreigner = England pulled into conflicts with other countries
- Divide & rule cannot happen - people become less loyal
25
What was the Conclusion of the Marriage situation?
* She constantly retained it as possibility so government wouldn’t get rid of her
* No one is suitable
* 1578 - said she was married to her country
26
What would be Characteristics for a possible suitor for Elizabeth to Marry?
* Protestant
* Able to give Elizabeth children - carry on Tudor name so clear line of succession & prevent civil war
* Not too powerful
* Wealthy - Elizabeth in a lot of debt
27
Why was Robert Dudley (Earl of Leicester) unsuitable to marry Elizabeth?
* Married to Amy Dudley but rumoured Dudley or Queen ordered her to be dead - so there marriage would have been too scandalous
* Amy fell down stairs to her death
* He can’t fund wars & would rely on Queen for money
* Difficult to maintain balance of power
28
Why was Phillip II of Spain unsuitable to marry Elizabeth?
* Catholic
* Elizabeth’s sisters widdow
* Marry & Phillip was unpopular marriage
29
Why was Francis, Duke of Anjou & Alencon unsuitable to marry Elizabeth?
* 20 years younger
* People in England have published pamphlet warning Queen not to marry him - he’s deformed and homosexual
* Likely to outlive Elizabeth
30
Why did Elizabeth choose Not to Marry?
* None of the suitors had suitable characteristics
* Every suitor would undermine her authority - she declared to marry England to stop discussion & challenge in parliament, gave her ‘god like’ purity, unbreakable bond to her people
31
Who were the 3 possible candidates for the Succession?
* Mary Queen of Scots
* Catherine Grey
* James Stuart
32
Why was there concerns about succession?
* If Elizabeth does without an heir - risk of civil war w/ different groups competing for throne
* To prevent conflict Elizabeth expected to marry & produce heir quickly
33
What is the Great Chain of Being?
* Represents hierarchical structure to society
* Religious & spiritual statement of how life is ordered
* Status is determined by birth
* Godly inference, higher your status = closer you are to god, god creates your future
34
What are the main causes for Rise in Gentry Class?
* Renaissance
* Suspicion of nobility
* Dissolution of monasteries
* Increasing wealth
* Population Increase
* Society more educated
35
How is the Renaissance a cause of the rise of the Gentry Class?
* They became more important
* Wanted to impress others & earn promotion & artists, builders, musicians, writers did well
* Study law, history, literature (books written in English), etc
* They embraced a new, excessive system of education
* New grammar school for gentry, printing press, increase Oxbridge
36
How is the Suspicion of Nobility a cause of the rise of the Gentry Class?
* Tudors marginalised nobles who saw as a threat
* Gentry filled & became very powerful politically
* Gentry dominated House of Commons
37
How is the Dissolution of Monasteries a cause of the rise of the Gentry Class?
* Land became available (cheap)
| * Gentry brought by Gentry which stabilises their economic base
38
How is the Increasing wealth a cause of the rise of the Gentry Class?
* Explosion of global trade & exploration embraced by Gentry making them well off
* They spent money on art, literacy, etc
39
How is the Population Increase a cause of the rise of the Gentry Class?
* Increase of 1 million (25%) people in Queens reign
* 10x more people are literature
* Urbanisation has knock on effect for population increase
40
Why was Fashion and Architecture important in Elizabethan Golden Age?
* Showed differentiation between gentry & noble class - specific materials & colours would show your hierarchy
* Showed statement of wealth
41
What did the Gentry Class wear?
* Men - ruff, woollen stockings - couldn’t afford silk, jerkin (velvet jacket)
* Woman - over-gown (brown - cheap), ruff
* Dull outfit
42
What did the Noble Class wear?
* Men - sword (show status, only aristocrats could carry this), trunk hose (expensive), jerkin
* Women - look based after Queen = white lead makeup (virgin aspect, expensive), wig, expensive jewellery (symbolise wealth), silk under gown (pricey)
* Expensive colours & materials = silk, dark blue, gold weave - reserved for nobles
43
Describe the Architecture in the Montacute House in Somerset:
* Built by nobility
* Many chimneys - pricey
* Architecture more expensive, using glass&bricks&plaster
* Long gallery upstairs - entertain guests - filled with art & tapestry which was in high demand from Italian Renaissance
* Garden - showing off, expensive
* Neo classicism-mimics renaissance building
* ‘E’ shaped floor plan in honour of Queen
* Bedrooms moved upstairs - cosy
* Primary junction of housing = more political stabilities (less civil war)
* Many rooms = honourable, politically acceptable
44
In what ways did Elizabethan England experience a ‘Golden Age’?
* Urbanisation&growth in London to trading centre commercial
* Rapid expansion in products = marmalade, silk, gold, spices, gems, fruit, tobacco, potato
* Expansion in culture - theatre, art
* Continued expansion of literacy, especially boys grammar schools
* Growing appreciation in art & architecture in English Renaissance
* Rise in peace, power, pride provides flourishing of ideas
45
In what ways did Elizabethan England NOT experience a ‘Golden Age’?
* Growing gap between rich+poor
* Rise in prostitution, gambling, crime, cruelty(torture)
* No improvements in medical understanding •Many misconceptions about plague
* Dental Care very poor - wooden teeth
* Bad sanitation - health problems so life expectancy goes down
* Tightly packed houses = diseases = plague
46
What was theatre, acting and drama like in the Middle Ages?
* Mystery plays - about Christ or English knights
* Aimed at peasants/lower class
* Performed open air & public places (usually got kicked out)
* Actor = prostitution, fell into it because couldn’t do anything else
47
Why was Theatre considered a Threat to society?
* Spread ideas that contrast to what government says
* Form of education - uneducated
* Public congregation - didn’t like people getting together talking about politics
48
What was the Audience like in an Elizabethan Theatre?
* Pit - noisy, smelly, poor people
* Groundlings - badly behaved, threw food at unpopular characters, peasants stood, cheapest
* Upper gallery - nobility sit, cushioned seats
* Middle section - gentry sit, wooden seats
* Very popular to go
49
What was Patronage like in an Elizabethan Theatre?
•It’s how finance works
•Government saw potential in
plays for propaganda and for encouraging social stability
•Theatre distraction from poor&disconnected lower class = rebellion less likely
•Play content carefully politicalised could influence thoughts of audiences in favour of the Queen & her government
50
What were the Themes and Playwright in Elizabethan Theatre?
* Shakespeare
* Themes= love,violence, ancient world, patriotism, exploration
* Flag indicated theme of play
* Little scenery but skilful characterisation, intelligent dialogue, varied subplots, music
* Plays contain subtle political messages designed to flatter Queen & support her position
* Not controversial
51
Where were the Rules and Special/Sound Effects in Elizabethan England?
* Young boys play woman cause woman not allowed to act
* Cannonball rolled=thunderclaps
* Above stage (‘the heavens’) special effects controlled
* Musicians played in balcony
* Live music and sound effects made behind stage
52
How did attitudes towards Theatre Change throughout Elizabeth’s reign?
* Actors thought to be threat to law & order (like beggars) = government didn’t like them
* 1572 - parliament passed law - actors punished as vagabonds
* Puritans disapproved of theatre on religious grounds - work of the devil
* 1580’s - earthquake in SE England = sign of Gods anger of theatre
* End of reign - several major theatres, 40 companies of actors
53
Who were the Undeserving Poor?
•Unwilling to work (considered) but in reality can’t find a job so called a ‘beggar’ and dangerous to society
Criminals:
•’clapper dudgeons’ - mimicking disabilities
•’ruffler’ - dressed as army officer but robbed people at sword points
•’counterfiet cranks’ - dressed in old dirty clothes and have fits
54
Who were the Deserving Poor?
Willing to work but unable to because of age, illness or disability
55
What were the Causes of Poverty in the Elizabethan period?
* Increased population
* Poor harvests
* High prices
* Low wages
* Lack of jobs
56
What evidence shows Increased Population was a cause of Poverty, why was it Serious and was it the Governments fault?
* Rose by 1 million people
* Huge pressure on resources (food, cost of things went up)
* Jobs in high demand
* Not governments fault because caused by immigration
57
What evidence shows Poor Harvests was a cause of Poverty, why was it Serious and was it the Governments fault?
* Dearth conditions (poor farming conditions)
* Worst in 1590’s which cause lack of food market
* Less supply & more demand
* Increase poverty
* Not governments fault because caused by weather conditions
58
What evidence shows High Prices was a cause of Poverty, why was it Serious and was it the Governments fault?
* Increase of 200% of food prices
* Low wages caused mass starvation
* Governments fault - they managed money very poorly
* Monopolies on other food trades meant set prices very high
* Devalue coinage - means putting poor metal with silver so Increase amount of money
59
What evidence shows Low Wages was a cause of Poverty, why was it Serious and was it the Governments fault?
* Wages going up slower than inflation so ‘real wages’ go down
* Less disposable income to spend
* Starvation
* Not directly governments fault but knock on effect from high prices
60
What evidence shows Lack of Jobs was a cause of Poverty, why was it Serious and was it the Governments fault?
* Farm labourers lost their jobs because of growth of enclosure
* Put hedges around land which restricted jobs & getting food
* Put sheep on land
* Caused starvation because couldn’t work - couldn’t feed family
* Governments fault because allowed enclosure to happen because it pleased the nobility
61
What were the main points of the Poor Law Act in 1598?
* Response to 5/6 harvests
* Everyone pay towards local ‘poor rate’
* Local tax go towards payment of parish officials, workhouses, payment of relief to ‘deserving poor’
* Begging was forbidden
62
What were the main points of the Act for Relief of Poor in 1601 and was it Effective I’m dealing with Poverty?
* Formalised previous acts
* Created National system for dealing with poor
* Overseas provided raw materials (hemp, wool, wood, iron) - used in workhouses or ‘house of correction’ to proved able poor with employment
* Remained in use for over 200 years in 1834
63
How did towns Deal with the Deserving Poor?
* Hospitals in 1850’s - charities care for poorest (give them shelters, education, healthcare)
* Christ hospital - orphans
* Bethlehem hospital - mentally disabled
* St Barts - sick
* St Thomas - elderly
64
How did towns Deal with the Undeserving Poor?
* Houses of correction or workhouses (get food & bed)
* Correction-moral-run by Puritans - change mindsets (homosexuality)
* Taxation to pay for more amenities (1540–50) in London, York, Norwich, Ipswich
* 1st census to help see who are the poor & where the amenities need to be put
65
What were the different Motivations for Exploration?
* Empire building and conflict with Spain
* Privateering
* Trading companies
66
Why did Empire Building and Conflict with Spain take place as motivation for exploration?
* Catholic Spain hostile to English interests - didn’t allow other countries to trade w/ their colonies in new world without licence
* Phillip 2nd (Catholic) threatening England with Mary Queen of Scots & plotting
* Religious conflict (Protestant vs Catholic)
67
How Successful was Exploration caused by Empire Building and Conflict with Spain?
* Attempted to set up colonies in West Indies and Eastern sea board of USA
* Not successful - didn’t have enough & Spanish empires would’ve invaded
68
Why did Privateering take place as motivation for exploration?
* Licensed by Queen to commit acts against ships belonging to Spanish shipping & trade & ports
* Queen sponsored companies because cheap way to undermine Spanish without being an act of war
69
How Successful was Exploration caused by Privateering?
Very Successful :
•Undermined Spanish empire •Gold going to Spain
•Created personal wealth to Queen
•Phillip knew what was going on & 1 of causes for war with Spain
70
Why did Trading Companies take place as motivation for exploration?
* Business set up by explorers when finds something new - send imports & exports of food from that area
* Muscovy company
* Eastland company
* Levant company
* East India company
71
How Successful was Exploration caused by Trading Companies?
* High profile if did this
* Trade crisis with original trading partners (Spain)
* Spain put block on port (Antwork) to stop export trading of wool (England biggest money source)
* Trading companies hugely successful because went around this problem
