Elizabeth book 1 Flashcards
(90 cards)
1
Q
what had Elizabeth’s life been like before the throne?
A
-daughter of hviii and anne boylen
-age 2/3 mother was beheaded, why? witch, 6 fingers, heresy, relations with other including her brother
-age 3 e has gone from being a princess to not
-parliament also makes her a bastard
-still retained a good relationship with HVIII and some status.
-very well educated, interested in religion, musical, attractive, charismatic, gets on with Parr.
under Edward she is part of Catherine Parr’s household-has an issue with Thomas Seymour this damaged her reputation
-Northumberland excluded her
-ed says she is illegitimate
Under Mary she is suspected and placed in the tower once again her reputation is damaged
2
Q
what was E like when she became queen?
A
- 25-young but not too young
- single-could be used as a diplomatic weapon
- good personality-her father’s daughter
- inherits a small population, better harvests, working governement system
- threats-MQS
3
Q
what problems did Elizabeth face when she took the throne
A
- privy council: too big who to keep-needs experience
- religion: E is a protestant if she doesn’t change it back:looks v weak however the people are indifferent so does it matter?
- dispute over succession: needs an heir however this doesn’t bother her
- French troops in Scotland-threat
- end war with France: wants calais but unlikely
- debt 300,000 debt
- keeping up the traditional alliance with catholic Spain
- Ireland-v catholic wants to keep control
4
Q
problems facing England in 1558
A
- inexperienced queen
- religious division whatever she does people will care-protestantism stronger near London but Catholicism stronger in more isolated areas.
- unemployment: however this was fixing itself-deaths had meant there were more jobs and the harvests were improving
- loss of calais: unlikely but looks bad if she doesn’t try
- threat from abroad: Spain unlikely to be a threat however MQS & France might be especially if she tries to get Calais back.
5
Q
what was Elizabeth’s new administration like?
A
by jan 1559 she had sorted out her new council and household
Household:
Catholics had to be replaced because their loyalties would be divided between her and the pope
Council:
most of Mary’s removed but those that stayed did so because of talent
no bishops or religious radicals
included many factions: aimed to rule with support of as wide a group as possible
however still a protestant majority
6
Q
what did Elizabeth want from her church?
A
catholic things she wanted:
she had learnt the works of a catholic humanist
she liked vestments
didn’t like clergy marrying
she liked some of the pretty things
Protestant things she wanted:
educated by leading humanists/protestants
no transub
YES CONSUB
privy council was dominated by Protestants
7
Q
what was the religious make up of the house of Commons House of Lords Privy Council Population The Church
A
-House of Commons: largely protestant (and some very vocal puritans and radical protestants) with some hard-line Catholics. However mostly pragmatic
-House of Lords: catholic bishops able to use conservative peers to block progressive legislation-Catholic majority. Lords will be a problem
-Privy Council: largely protestant and dominated by William Cecil
-Population: conservative but indifferent
-The church:
clergy: many catholic and urged population to resist the settlement (how do you impose a settlement when the clergy (who are meant to enforce it) are undermining it?)
don’t like a woman as head of the church
NO ONE IS HAPPY WITH A WOMAN AS HEAD OF THE CHURCH
8
Q
How did Elizabeth pass the Act of Uniformity and Supremacy in 1559?
A
- initially bill is rejected by the house of Lords
- tries again and the Lords offer to removed the heresy law (wont get burnt for being a protestant)
- looks very weak for E
- breaks for Easter
- Lords want a debate 2 get arrested and then 2 don’t turn up to the vote
- bills get passed
- splits the bill into two and compromise eg not head but governor
9
Q
what did the 1559 act of supremacy say?
A
- removes the pope
- Catholics are tolerated
- english sovereignty
- Elizabeth has full powers
- oath of supremacy means people have to agree to it all
- no more debate
10
Q
what did the 1559 act of uniformity say?
A
- moderate protestantism
- E decides on thing which aren’t mentioned in the bible eg vestments
- church is inclusive 12 d fine
- ambiguity
11
Q
who likes Elizabeth’s religious changes?
A
- middle of the road
- moderates are pleased
- e is pleased
12
Q
who isn’t pleased with Elizabeth’s religious changes?
A
- RC
- Puritans-starting tape finishing line
13
Q
what is a traditional and a modern view on Elizabeth’s religious settlement?
A
trad: Elizabeth set out to create an Anglican church
middle: Neale: puritans make religious changes more radical
modern: Haigh return to traditional
14
Q
enforcing the settlement: catholic clergy and bishops
A
- bishops were allowed to retire gracefully
- most took the oath disagreed with it but didn’t rebel
- didn’t want to lose their living
- catholics who resigned were replaced with talented protestants
15
Q
enforcing the settlement: lack of clergy/problems with lower clergy
A
-Marians undermine the new settlement
but
no one to replace them with
16
Q
enforcing the settlement: The Royal Injunction
A
1559
royal visiations to bring the image of the churches into line
no rebellions even though people aren’t necessarily happy
-the “jewel” this church is more in line with first church and very clear about consub over transub
17
Q
enforcing the settlement: Foxe’s Book of Martyrs
A
made M and catholics look bad
18
Q
enforcing the settlement: the 38 (1563) and 39 (1571) articles
A
never legally rules out transub
puritans are disappointed that the changes does go further
just enforces changes already made
19
Q
what was Elizabeth’s book of common prayer based upon? 1559
A
1552 prayer book with some transub ambiguity
it was supported by Jewel’s apology
20
Q
Elizabeth’s view of the religious settlement
A
- she has full power
- doesn’t like clergy marrying
- not happy that some priests have refused to wear vestments-she is in charge needs Parker to enforce the advertisement and the ornament rubric says she can decide adiaphora
- wants uniformity
21
Q
RC bishops view on the religious settlement
A
- everything that pole and mary has been undone
- tried to block the settlement
- refuse to take the oath of supremacy lost job but nice retirement
- no foreign support-doesn’t know whether to rebel or not
22
Q
Puritan minister view on the religious settlement
A
- don’t like the 1559 prayer book too compromise
- glad supreme gov
- feels principles are being compromised
- not wearing vestments even if taken oath and they’re adiaphora
- queen or conscious
23
Q
what did the general public think of the religious settlement
A
- will go to church to avoid the 12d fine
- church is plain and boring
- likes the no pope
- likes the English
- queen isn’t going anywhere
24
Q
what did Elizabeth want to achieve with the religious settlement
A
- uniformity
- protestant theology
- supremacy
- traditional element eg vestments
- practical:won’t spark rebellion
25
evidence that the settlement suceeded
-act of supremacy gave her full power over the church
-oath of supremacy meant loyalty
-act of uniformity everyone uses 1552 with some minor adjustments (ambiguity)
-ornaments rubric control over all adiaphora
-only the revolt of the northern earls
Jewel's apology and Parker's advertisement enforce further and offer support
26
why did the religious settlement succeed?
- Mary burnings, repression, bad harvests: remembered negatively-welcome E
- indifference
- compromise-ambiguity transub
- keeps some con bits eg vestments
- sensible enforcement doesn't create martyrs
- Parker enforces it
- Jewel's apology
- she is in control
- no foriegn reaction
- nobles happy they keep their lands
27
evidence the settlement failed?
- puritans not happy with the settlement try to undermine it
- extreme Catholics don't like it and go into exile
- priests still marry
- catholic recusants
- continuation of the old ways away from london
28
why did it fail
- no way to please everyone
- had to let priests marry
- compromise was necessary
29
key things which enforced the settlement
- Act of Supremacy 1559 (supremacy, oath, full power)
- Act of Uniformity 1559 (prayer book 1552 with alterations)
- Royal Injunctions 1559 (clear orders permits some con features)
- Jewel's Apology 1562 (justifies the church)
- Foxes book of Martyrs (1563)
- 38 articles 1563 (theology)
30
what was the treaty of Cateau Cambresis?
1559
face saving solution to the problem of calais
they say they'll give it back in 8 years
peace
31
what foreign policy problems did Elizabeth inherit?
- Calais
- France not happy
- no alliance with Spain
- France in Scotland
32
what's the problem with Scotland and what happens?
- French presence in Scotland Guise family
- protestant nobles not happy:revolt
- in secret E supports them
- E was told by Cecil to send troops (would create a p Scotland and a union and make MQS less of a threat)
- E dithered (didn't want Philip to be annoyed, didn't want to break the treaty, didn't want defeat)
- very lucky-france has problems in france
- Treaty of Edinburgh 1560 both France and Scotland will keep out and let Scotland establish its own government
- result a protestant Scotland with a less than powerful MQS
33
when was the treaty of Edinburgh?
1560
34
what are relations like with France
- Council want to help French protestants (they support a religious foreign policy)
- Treaty of Richmond E agrees to help the Huuenots however E lands in France. France unites removes E. leading to the treaty of Troyes 1564 lose calais forever
35
when and what was the Treaty of Troyes?
1564
lose of Calais forever
a result of England trying to help French protestants
36
what financial problems does Elizabeth inherit?
- debt from war
- debasement of coinage
- inflation price of living rising faster than income
- people are leaving the countryside
37
what solutions are there to the financial problems Elizabeth inherits?
-M's people had brought in measure to fix the problems
-council are very experienced and talented
-book of rates raising the price of rent and customs rate (M but too late for her)
-1559 war with France ends
-re coinage in 1560-1
-wages increase because so many people have died
-royal household spending was cut
statue of artifice regulates industry and agriculture aims to help the young and single maximum wage -doesn't do much
38
what is the deal with succession?
```
age 25 and not married
needs an heir
look at the past 10 years
only alternatives are MQS
no one good to marry ]
Dudley in disgrace and married then suspected
```
39
what types of puritans were there?
moderate/conformists:the largest group sympathetic to further change but loyal to E not happy about vestments etc
Presbyterian: emerged in the 1570s they wanted to separate church and state as well as removed bishops they didn't reject E's temporal authority.
Radical/separatists: wanted to set up their own churches with nothing to do with the queen.
40
fundamental differences between the puritans and the mainstream church?
-adiaphora (things e could decide because they weren't mentioned in the bible) didn't like her choice of vestments and things
they believed follow the bible and only the bible
didn't like the compromise with catholic
didn't like the traditional elements of the church
41
what were puritans like in wider society and where to find them?
court:many were sympathetic to puritans eg dudley (because they wanted a religious foreign policy)
most were in towns or cities-literate areas
42
Queen's view of the 1559 religious settlement
compromise
acceptable to everyone
finishing tape
43
Puritan's view of the 1559 religious settlement
the starting tape
| they held poisons of influence and were willing to use them
44
how did puritans show that they wanted more religious change?
```
1563: 6 demands for change
set up their own churches
make friends in power
they get jobs in universities
they became MPS
```
45
the growth of the Presbyterian movement out of discontent (cartwright)
discontent over vestments
1571 licence to preach removed from those who wouldn't comply
question the authority of the bishops
congregations abroad-no bishops pick their own leaders
bible didn't mention bishops
46
who was cartwright?
very popular university lectures
| removed from his position for talking against 1559 settlement
47
what happened with strickland in 171
in parliament
introduced a bill to change the prayer book
E told parliament no new bills on religion-only bishops could do that
48
what were admonitions to parliament?
savage attacks on the church for being too catholic
| the queen was outraged and started to hunt down the printers and publishers speaking against the church
49
when and why did Presbyterian ideas spread?
- increasing fear of RC: MQS causing trouble 1568
- northern revolt in 1569
- worsening relationship with spain
- ieads were spreading beyond london
- worked through preaching, lecturing and MP
50
growth of prophesying
the aim was to improve the quality of clergy through meetings of lower clergy to discuss matters. The first part laymen could listen whilst the second part was private and about doctrine
became dominated by puritans criticising the prayer book 1559 (with element of 1552)
51
what did the queen want to do about prophesying
Parker: told him to get bishops to take control
Grindal: he believed it was improving standards and told her not to get involved.
he was then suspended
52
Puritans in parliament
1576 1581 requests to improve the quality of teaching
53
Whitgift
he was very intolerant of puritans and enforced anti
54
what were the 1583 articles and what reaction did they receive?
aims: improve quality, remove prophesying and enforce conformity
all clergy had to subscribe to these 3 articles
royal supremacy
1559 prayer book
39 articles
reaction:
400 refused
forced to compromise as the words of the prayer book were altered
55
court of high commission and the exoffico oath
24 questions to be enforced by the commission this removed protection
questions were gievn by an ex offico oath so refuse to subscribe and lose your job
the bloody question
56
puritan pressure on parliament
they produced petitions and didn't stop eg Turner's Bill
57
John Field and the Classical movement
semi=secret meetings in puritan areas
feild aimed to set up a church within a church
was strong but not united-even less so after Field died too extreme but worried government because they couldn't be sure
58
factors that reduced the threat of mainstream puritans (1580)
- shared the same basic theological ideas
- Parker took his job seriously
- Puritans accepted E's being queen and wanted to be loyal subjects and she was supreme governor
- Parker's advertisements etc he was being encouraged to remove the awkward priests
- most people were happy to listen to the monarch over adiaphora issues
- parliament not allowed to introduce reforms on religion
- queen wasn't tolerant of grindal's defiance
59
factors that reduced the threat of Presbyterian (1580)
- started out a small minority
- E had used her power to prevent reform from below
- used her power to get Cartwright sacked-removed those with influence
- Whitgift and Parker all did their job
- used the royal commission to get them out of the church
60
factors that reduced the threat of separatism (1580)
-they were seen as dangerous extremists and were soon found out
61
factors that made the mainstream puritans a threat to Elizabeth (1580)
- many felt it was their duty to undermine the settlement
- starting tape
- vestments issues
- queen objected to prophesying hard to monitor or stop
- grindal and others liked the prophesying, grindal even refused
62
factors that made Presbyterianism a threat to elizabeth (till 1580)
- had experienced the churches of the continent
| - the openly opposed the prayer book eg in parliament
63
the fall of prebyterian/puritan movement
1588 Field died
classes were less united
their protectors died
the threat of Catholicism had also deteriorated MQS was executed in 1588
some of the pamphlets being published discredited the movement
mad people like Hacket affair further discredited the movement
Bancroft and the high commission: the bloody question and discovered classes removed the leaders
64
the separatist movement
they didn't believe the church would reform
they ignored E's authority and set up their own churches
the movement was splintered (leader was excommunicated)
they welcomed martyrdom
however not very popular
never more than a tiny minority
65
threat of puritanism after 1580
```
moderates:
pressure on parliament
had protectors
continued to practise their faith quietly
Presbyterian:
-John field and the classical system underground strong around london
had protectors
objected in parliament
hackett affair
rude pamphlets
separatists:
ignored E
charismatic leaders
```
66
reduced threat of puritanism after 1580
- death of field-movement collapsed
- whitgift, high court commission ex offico oath
- MP can't make religious changes
- laws were passed against them
- removed them from universities
- tiny minority
67
Explain church papists
They were loyal to E and wee prepared to accept her as gov but they were conservative and disliked radical change and above all they believe mass is necessary
Probably the majority of the English people
Most of the lesser clergy who all took the oath
Church papists were willing to attend church services and might celebrate mass at home
They slowly began to conform to the new prayer book
68
Explain the term recusants
They refused to attempt church services although some did feel able to the take the oath of supremacy they believed in the doctrine of RC and were not prepared to compromise
1/3 of the peerage and further away from London
They withdrew from the official church and offered mass to those who needed it while others established underground churches
69
Explain the term seminary priests
English priests trained in Flanders at a college which had been founded by William Allen in 1568 their role was to bring back Catholicism and they started to arrive into England in 1574
Estimated to be about 400 with 100 put to death
They started to come over in 1574 to inspire the catholic community to risk their lives for their faith and they did revitalise the movement they were protected by catholic gentry
70
Explain the term Jesuit
The order was founded in 1534 and they were a catholic order which destroyed heresy (P) they took an oath of alliance to the pope
There weren't many of them
Began to arrive 1580 onwards they believed Catholics should obey the pope first and that the catholic community should keep itself completely separate from E's church
71
What is the context of the threat/rebellion of the northern earls
1568 seizure of the bullion ships had caused a crisis with Spain. Catholic Spain would join a catholic rebellion against E
1568 MQS came to England she had a claim to the throne and as catholic duke of Norfolk offered to marry her
There was also a southern conspiracy
to remove Cecil
72
Who were the leaders of the northern rebellion
The main leaders were senior nobles who were very powerful in the north
Northumberland Westmoreland Cumbria
Catholic
Yesterday's men as a result
Had hoped to inspire a religious rebellion
73
What motives did the northern rebels have?
- relgion: angry at Protestant laws being introduced in Durham although to an extent religion was being used as a mask because it would gather popular support
- economic problems: almost bankrupt as e had taken key money making roles off them. They have been replaced by Protestants and their political influence has been reduced. They can't get jobs from friends or family. They can't afford to go to court
74
What were the aims of the northern earls?
-remove e and replace her with MQS
| And marry MQS or Northumberland
75
What actions did the northern earls take?
They preformed mass in Durham
Marched to Hartlepool-they hoped to capture the port and then allow the Spanish in
Marched through Yorkshire hoping to gain support
6,000 and 1,200 on horse
They're hardcore and used to fighting the scots
They are unopposed until they reach bramham
76
Factors which reduced the threat of the northern earls?
-they had wait too long to rebel-this highlights the economic factor
Spain didn't offer material support for the rebellion
Southern conspiracy failed
No clear plan or strategy
Gathered minimal support eg towns like York didn't want to be seen as traitors
Pope didn't do anything until it was too late
Rebel earls fled
Geographically hard to get to London
It never snowballs
77
What does fletcher have to say about the northern earls
Religious because they had lost their power for religious reasons
78
What kind of foreign threat did Catholics represent before 1570?
- MQS catholic with an heir AND e's only heir
- literature of Catholics in exile
- growing Spanish threat after the seizure of the treasure ships in 1568 and pirates
- MQS arriving in England in 1568
79
How did Catholicism pose a threat to Elizabeth in that it showed the weaknesses in her church
- lack of protectant priests all too extreme and so had to use Marian priests who had no love for the church and could go against her
- the return of Catholicism to Protestants would mean the return persecution therefore the threat was often exaggerated out of fear
80
How did Catholicism remain a threat at the grass root level?
- the population was naturally conservative
- cath icon was strongest in the regions like the north and the west which e didn't have strong control and were far away so the reformation had never really taken hold
- law enforcement in such areas was lapsed church wardens didn't enforce attendance etc
81
How were Catholics themselves a threat?
- they believed e was illegitimate and shouldn't be queen
- Marian bishops had almost ruined the 1559 settlement and they could continue to undermine e in the churches
- they were not happy about the lose of transub
- in their churches they continued to ignore the settlements and read the wrong passage and give mass in private
- even preists who had been deprived were active
82
How did the absence of leadership mean that the threat of Catholicism was reduced
- the pope didn't do much or encourage much until he excommunicated her in 1570
- within England there was no obvious leader
83
How did the sense of martyrs mean that Catholicism was a reduced threat?
Elizabeth didn't persecute at this point rather she only deprived them
This didn't increase sympathy or make it is big religious deal to go against her
She wasn't encouraging a reaction
84
How did indifference and compromise to religion mean that Catholicism was a reduced threat
People were growing accustomed to religious change and the settlement had been altered so that Catholics could still see the real presence and Elizabeth wasn't the supreme head but gov
As a result of the compromise and growing indifference few clergy resigned they didn't wish to loose their secure jobs
The same went for many Jps etc they all wanted to keep the job and power they had
Furthermore most people accepted the right on the monarch to those the religion
And those who get involved in plots die
85
How did manpower ease the threat of Catholicism
The transitional process was overcome as the next generation who were enthusiastic came through
86
How did sensible law enforcement ease the threat of Catholicism
The laws were gradually enforced eg in Yorkshire it gradually became harder to openly practise in the old ways
87
How did Philips pragmatism help reduced the treat of Catholicism?
Philip didn't want mqs to be queen as it would give France too much power and he was busy in Netherlands
Managed to get the pope not to excommunicate her
88
What was the papal bull of disposition, when did it happen and what did it mean for Elizabeth?
1570
Elizabeth is excommunicated from the Catholic Church
Catholics pick between queen and pope
Calls her illegitimate and it would please god to act against her
RCA subjects don't have to follow her rules
He took his time
After the northern earls
Philip of Spain not happy because she doesn't like that mqs is the alternative
89
How do most English Catholics react to the bull of excommunication?
They have to make a choice
90
How far did the arrival of seminary priests (1574) and Jesuits (1584) affect the RC community?
-before Catholicism had been dieing off
Marian priests had taken the oath and wanted to keep their jobs so they were gradually accepting the changes
Extent of recusancy was very low
Seminary and Jesuits can't target everyone so they pick select groups of already Catholics they do a good job and revive Catholicism where they are and church recusancy increases
They hang out with gentry because they can protect them
