Elizabeth Foreign Policy In Netherlands Flashcards
(24 cards)
1560s Philip policy in Netherlands
it became clear that Philip II seemed intent on creating a tighter form of political organization in the Netherlands under more direct Spanish control (in his eyes, this was needed to root out the heresy – Protestantism – that had begun to spread rapidly through the southern Netherlands.
When were English ships are seized by the Duke of Alba? What did this lead to?
1567
leading to a complete embargo on trade between Spain and England
When did the Duke of Alba send Spanish troops to put down Protestant reformers in the Netherlands?
How did Elizabeth respond?
1567
Elizabeth was under pressure to support the rebels, but she didn’t. Instead, she found other ways of harassing the Spanish.
When were John Hawkins’ activities in the Caribbean and what were they?
1568
infuriated the Spanish as he disrupted Spanish trade with South and Latin America and blockadd the Mexican port of San Juan de Ulua.
What was the pacification of Ghent ?
What was England’s response?
called for the expulsion of all foreign troops in the Netherlands, uniting the 17 Dutch provinces against the Spanish. Leicester pushes for intervention – Elizabeth supports financially with a loan (£100,000) but not with troops
When did Elizabeth expel the Sea Beggars (Dutch pirates, led by William of Orange) from an English port. What did this lead to?
1572
they were forced to land in a Dutch port, sparking off a full-scale revolt against the repressive policies and the high taxation of the Duke of Alba 1572
1572 treaty
Treaty of Blois between England and France. A “defensive treaty
against Spain”)
When was the trade embargo between Spain and England lifted?
What was signed and what did this lead to ?
1574
The signing of the Convention of Bristol settles the bullion dispute, and English merchants in the Netherlands are allowed to practice Protestantism.
When and what was the Spanish fury?
1576 The ‘Spanish fury’ – Spanish troops went on a murdering rampage in the city of Antwerp.
When did the reconquest of the Netherlands begin following the Pacification of Ghent 1576?
1577
Don Juan of Austria arrives with a new Spanish army and begins the reconquest of the Netherlands. Elizabeth demands that Philip recall Don Juan, but he refuses. She finances a mercenary force under John Casimir
When were Protestant rebels defeated in the Netherlands?
What did the Duke on Anjou do?
1578- Duke of Parma wins the battle of Grembloux, defeating the protestant rebels in the Netherlands. Meanwhile, the French, Catholic, Duke of Alencon (Anjou) intervenes in the Netherlands.
When did King Henry of Portugal die and what did this lead to ?
1580 - Portugal (often an ally of England) came under the control of the Spanish on the death of the childless King Henry, creating a combined navy that rivalled England’s. Elizabeth sent Alencon £100,000 to revive his campaign in the Netherlands.
Spanish successes in 1583
Philip ordered the construction of a large navy, and the Duke of Parma
recaptured Brabant and Flanders.
When was the assassination of William of Orange and who assassinated him?
1584 by Balthasar Gerard, a Catholic supporter of Phillip II of Spain. Spanish victory in the Netherlands seems certain.
1584 treaty
Phillip II and the Catholic League in France (led by the Guise family) came to an agreed decision in the Treaty of Joinville which increased political pressure on Elizabeth to prevent Phillip II from supporting Mary Queen of Scots. Elizabeth’s Privy Councilors started to promote the idea of an ‘international Catholic conspiracy’ in order to pressurize Elizabeth into taking military action against Catholic Spain.
When was the treaty of Nonsuch? What did it entail?
1585 Treaty of Nonsuch guaranteeing English military support (7,000 soldiers) to the Netherlands. Earl of Leicester leads English forces in the Netherlands.
when was Leicester recalled back to England?
1586
Victory in 1588?
Victory at Bergen-op-Zoom for the English led by Lord Willoughby.
1588 22nd July
Spain launched the Spanish Armada, partly provoked by English intervention in the Netherlands, starting a costly war against the Spanish that was to last until the end of her reign
1588 loss at battle
English loss at Geertruidenberg. Willoughby replaced by the Vere, who forged a positive working relationship with the Dutch leader, Maurice of Nassau.
How much was spent overall in the Netherlands?
£2 million
Situation in Netherlands in 1594
The Spanish had been expelled from all of the lands of the northern Netherlands (United Provinces), achieving English objectives as the northern Netherlands became an independent state.
The southern Netherlands remained under Spanish rule (Spanish Netherlands), but given degree of independence and no major foreign power was entrenched in the Netherlands.
When Duke of Anjou died who succeeded him
Henry of Navarre (Protestant) as the heir to the French throne.
Why did the treaty of Nonsuch and Leicester’s intervention fail?
Poor discipline and bad relations lead this to fail. Elizabeth is furious when he accepts the of Governor-General (implying that he had authority over the sovereign Spanish government).
