Elizabeth I (1558-1603) Flashcards
(128 cards)
1
Q
How long did Elizabeth I reign for?
A
1558 - 1603
2
Q
Definition of Patronage?
A
Means being given gifts such as lands, office and titles for loyalty
3
Q
How many titles did Elizabeth give by the end of her reign?
A
18 titles
4
Q
Elizabeths key courtiers from the gentry?
A
Sir William Cecil
Sir Christopher Hatton
Sir Walter Rayleigh
Sir Francis Walsingham
5
Q
Role of Elizabeths ministers?
A
Trusted advisors who helped her govern the kingdom.
There to advise, and not tell her what to do as she believed she had divine right to rule.
6
Q
Who was part of the conservative court faction during Elizabeth?
A
Duke of Norfolk
Earl of Sussex
Sir James Croft
Sir Christopher Hutton
7
Q
Who was part of the Protestant court faction during Elizabeth?
A
Sir William Cecil
Sir Francis Walsingham
Earl of Lecister
Earl of Warwick
Earl of Bedford
8
Q
When was Earl of Essex executed for treason under Elizabeth?
A
1601
9
Q
Key noble courtiers during Elizabeth?
A
Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester 1564
Earl of Sussex
Earl of Essex
10
Q
Facts about William Cecil during Elizabeth?
A
First served Elizabeth as Secretary of State and later as Lord Treasurer
Elizabeth favoured him because of his administrative skill
Cecils political view was aligned with Elizabeth, mostly conservative and focused on maintaining stability
11
Q
Facts about the court during Elizabeth?
A
Monarch was centre of government and court was wherever the monarch was
12
Q
Why did officials and nobles attend court during Elizabeth?
A
Officials attended or get royal permission
Nobles attended to get noticed/rewarded
Elizabeth promoted favourites
13
Q
Facts about household during Elizabeth?
A
Monarchs domestic staff, headed by Lord Chamberlain, it employed 1500 people
14
Q
Facts about Privy Chamber during Elizabeth?
A
Fulfilled same domestic function as before but becoming less important
15
Q
Who created the Puritan Choir during Elizabeth?
A
Historian Neale thesis
16
Q
What was the Puritan Choir during Elizabeth?
A
A group of Puritans demanded more Protestant reform for the Church of England
Commons angered Elizabeth by discussing the succession in 1566 and religious reform in 1593
Commoners asserted their rights to have free speech in 1576 and 1593
17
Q
Who created Revisionist Thesis during Elizabeth?
A
Historian Elton
18
Q
What was the Revisionist Thesis during Elizabeth?
A
More cooperation than conflict, any opposition was infrequent, not organised and never a serious challenge to Elizabeth
Any disagreement was usually working out policies
19
Q
How many parliaments were there during Elizabeths reign?
A
13 parliaments in a 45 year reign
Rest of the time Elizabeth ruled through the Privy Council
20
Q
Facts about JP’s during Elizabeth?
A
Implemented a range of government policies.
Poor Laws greatly increased their responsibilities
JP’s were unpaid, even though their workload increased
21
Q
How many JP’s were there by 1600 during Elizabeth?
A
Average of 50 per county
22
Q
Facts about Council of the North during Elizabeth?
A
From 1572, it was led by Earl of Huntingdon, committed Protestant, took over from Earl of Sussex
Took over after Northern Rebellion and Ridolfi Plot
23
Q
What council apart from Council of the North continued during Elizabeth?
A
Council of Marches - govern land in Wales established during Edward IV
24
Q
Facts about Lord Lieutenants during Elizabeth?
A
Usually members of the nobility
They raised local militias, oversaw work of JP’s, managed food suppliers during times of war4 or famine, collected forced loans and reported local events to the Privy Council.
25
Elizabeth's nickname?
Virgin Queen
26
When did Elizabeth use her royal prerogative?
Elizabeth used her royal prerogative (privilege) to forbid Parliament from pressuring Elizabeth to name her successor
27
What year was the Throckmorton Plot during Elizabeth?
1583
28
Facts of the Throckmorton Plot during Elizabeth?
A plot to assassinate Elizabeth accompanied by the invasion of England by Duke of Guise
29
Who and when was the Bond of Association established during Elizabeth?
1583, Sir William Cecil established the Bond of Association
30
What was the Bond of Association a response to during Elizabeth?
Throckmorton Plot 1583
31
What was included in the Bond of Association during Elizabeth?
Was written in case the Queen was murdered and had no chose a successor
Gove signatories the power to execute Queen's killer
Gave signatories power to choose a new monarch
Succession could be the prerogative (right) of Parliament
32
Who was the Duke of Anjou during Elizabeth?
Elizabeth's last suitor
Courted Queen in 1579
French Catholic
33
Facts about Cecil and Duke of Anjou during Elizabeth?
Protestant faction in Elizabeth's Court did not want her to marry the Duke because he was a Catholic.
Cecil spread rumours about the Duke to make him fall out of favour with the Queen.
34
Mary's claim to the throne during Elizabeth?
Next in line for the throne
Favoured by Catholics
Elizabeth refused to marry
Elizabeth refused to name a successor
35
Why did Elizabeth not support Mary Queen of Scots?
Mean attacking a friendly Protestant government in Scotland. Too big of a risk.
36
When did Mary return to Scotland who was it being ruled by during Elizabeth?
Returned in 1561 and it was being ruled by a Protestant government.
37
Who did Mary marry and when did she give birth to James during Elizabeth?
Lord Darnley and gave birth to James in 1566.
38
What year was Lord Darnley murdered during Elizabeth?
1567
39
Who was implicated in the murder of Lord Darnley during Elizabeth?
Mary and her lover Earl of Bothwell
40
When did Mary escape to England during Elizabeth?
1568
41
When was Mary Queen of Scots execution?
February 1587
42
What were the three plots against Elizabeth?
Ridolfi Plot 1572
Throckmorton Plot 1583
Babington Plot 1586
43
Reasons Elizabeth should not execute Mary Queen of Scots?
Did not want to condone murder of a monarch
Mary was her cousin
Mary execution could anger Catholics
Give Spain excuse to invade England
44
Reasons Elizabeth should execute Mary Queen of Scots?
England already at war with Spain
Spain was planning their Armada
Mary found guilty of treason
45
What year was the Northern Rebellion during Elizabeth?
1569
46
Aim of the Northern Rebellion during Elizabeth?
Marry Mary to Duke of Norfolk, children produced would be Elizabeth's heirs.
47
Who was involved in the Northern Rebellion during Elizabeth?
Catholic Earls and thousands of Catholics.
48
What city did the Northern Rebellion seize during Elizabeth?
Durham
49
Result of Northern Rebellion during Elizabeth?
Rebellion was put down by Elizabeth's troops. Neither Mary or Norfolk were punished.
50
When did Spain take control of Lisbon and what did Phillip become in Portugal during Elizabeth?
Spain took control of Lisbon in 1581 and Phillip became King of Portugal.
51
When was Elizabeths excommunication by the pope?
1570
52
Who ruled Netherlands during Elizabeth?
Spain/Phillip II
53
When did Protestant rebels created a separate state in Netherlands and how did Elizabeth support them?
1581, supported them financially
54
What year was the Treaty of Nonsuch during Elizabeth?
1585
55
What was the Treaty of Nonsuch about during Elizabeth?
Gave military support to Dutch rebels and England promised to protect them
56
Why did Elizabeth sign the Treaty of Nonsuch?
England relied on Dutch ports for trade
57
When did Elizabeth get enormous about of treasure by Sir Francis Drake?
1580
58
When did Robert Dudley lead English forces in Netherlands during Elizabeth?
1585
59
How many troop did Robert Dudley lead into Netherlands during Elizabeth?
7000
60
What title did Robert Dudley have in Netherlands during Elizabeth?
Governor General (implied he ruled angered Phillip)
61
Why did Robert Dudley fail in Netherlands during Elizabeth?
Used bad strategies with a badly equipped, under funded army
62
When did Robert Dudley resign from Netherlands during Elizabeth?
1587
63
What year was the Raid of Cadiz during Elizabeth?
1587
64
What happened during Raid of Cadiz during Elizabeth?
Drake and others raided Spanish ports and ships. Elizabeth supported.
Destroyed 25-35 Spanish ships during this incident and harmed their building of the Armada.
Wood for food storage on the Armada was damaged in the raid, food rotted en route.
65
What else was the Raid of Cadiz known as during Elizabeth?
“Singeing of the king of Spains beard”
66
For how many months did the Raid of Cadiz delay the Armada for during Elizabeth?
12 months
67
What year was the Spanish Armada during Elizabeth?
1588
68
How many ships, sailors and soldiers did Phillip send to invade England during Elizabeth?
151 ships
7000 sailors
34,000 soldiers
69
Where were more troops meant to be collected for the Armada during Elizabeth?
Flanders
70
Who led the Spanish Armada during Elizabeth?
Duke of Medina Sidonia who had little experience
71
When Armada reached Cornwall what was lit and why during Elizabeth?
Beacons lit to warn London
72
What happened 6th August 1588 regarding the Spanish Armada during Elizabeth
Spanish fleet anchored on Dutch coast, waiting for more soldiers from Duke of Parma.
Commanders for England were Lord Howard of Effingham (little experience) but Drake and Hawkins were experienced.
Drake commanded English sailors to strike, sent 8 fire ships the next morning.
73
When was the Battle of Gravelines during Elizabeth?
8th August 1588
74
What happened at Battle of Gravelines during Elizabeth?
English fired from 100 metres away, Duke of Medina turned ships around to head home, only 65 ships made it back, storm blew Armada off course, many ships wrecked coast of Scotland and Ireland.
75
Tactics used at sea during Elizabeth?
Line of Battle - single line formation with fire ships
Surprise raids
76
New Technology at sea during Elizabeth?
Lateen Sails - allowed speed and agility, allowed more precise performance.
Powerful Canons
77
Reasons for English winning the Spanish Armada during Elizabeth?
God
Weather
England attacked from further distance, Spain wanted to attack up close
English sailors had more experience then Spanish (knew the sea better)
English ships were smaller and faster while Spanish ships were big and slow
78
What year was the Oxfordshire Uprising during Elizabeth?
1596
79
Reasons for Oxfordshire Uprising during Elizabeth?
Motivated by socioeconomic grievances. These included enclosure, poor harvest, disease and falling wages.
80
Course and outcome of the Oxfordshire Uprising during Elizabeth?
Aimed to seize the home of the country’s Lord Lieutenant . Seize weapons and march to London. Only the 4 leaders turned up. The 4 leaders were tortured before being executed for treason.
81
How much did the population increase to during Elizabeth?
3 million to 4 million
82
Why did the increase in population have a negative impact on society during Elizabeth?
Greater demand for food causing food prices to rise
Increased competition for land causing rent to increase
More people could work causing wages to fall
83
Cause of rise in poverty during Elizabeth?
Demographic changes
Bad harvest between 1594 and 1598
A flu outbreak in 1556, killed 200,000 including a lot of farmers
84
When was the Northern Rebellion during Elizabeth?
1569
85
Cause of the Northern Rebellion during Elizabeth?
Had political cause, socioeconomic elements led ordinary commoners to join.
Feudal loyalties led to commoners to follow the Earls of Northumberland and Westmorland
Relationship between landlord and tenant was a reason to join a rebellion
86
Outcome of the Northern Rebellion during Elizabeth?
The Earls fled to Scotland, and although Westmoreland managed to evade capture by escaping to Flanders, Northumberland was captured, handed back to the English in 1572, and executed.
87
What was involved in the Poor Law 1601 during Elizabeth?
First law taxing the wealthy to pay for the car of the poor who could not work. This included:
Helpless poor (sick and old)
Able-bodied poor, need to work to get food
Idle poor, sent to House of Correction
Effect in some area’s, not enforced in other area’s
88
What was involved in the Poor Law 1572 during Elizabeth?
Let local officials raise money from local people to help the poor
89
What did the “Act for setting the poor on work” 1576 do during Elizabeth?
Made local authorities responsible for poverty in their local area
90
What was the main source of support for the poor during Elizabeth?
Charities and Almshouses
91
When was the East India Company created during Elizabeth?
1600
92
When and where did John Hawkins make large profits from during Elizabeth?
1562 and 1564 , Triangular Trade
93
When and why did Spain attack John Hawkins fleet during Elizabeth?
1568, for trying to break Spains monopoly in the trans-Atlantic slave trade
94
Where and when did most of England’s wool trade go to during Elizabeth?
1550, Antwerp (port controlled by Spain)
95
Why did trading become harder during Elizabeth?
Relations with Spain worsened
96
When and who was the first person to circumnavigate the globe during Elizabeth?
1577 - 1580 Sir Francis Drake
97
How much treasure did Sir Francis Drake catch from Panama during Elizabeth?
£40,000
98
Facts about Sir Walter Raleigh about trade during Elizabeth?
1584, Elizabeth gave Sir Walter Raleigh permission to colonies a part of the Americas not owned by Christians.
Humphrey Gilbert tried to create a colony in New-found-land, Canada but he failed.
99
Facts about Urban Growth during Elizabeth?
High taxation and bad harvest led to social unrest in the 1950s
House building and entertainment did well in many towns.
100
Facts about the Lost Colony?
In 1585, Raleigh set up a colony on Roanoke Island, Virgina.
Most of the 108 settlers returned to England in 1586.
By 1590, there was nobody in the colony.
Later called the Lost Colony.
101
When and how many Act did Parliament pass to restrict enclosures during Elizabeth?
Two Acts in 1598
102
When did Puritans agree to wear the ceremonial robe of the Catholic Church during Elizabeth?
1568
103
What was Presbyterianism during Elizabeth?
Questioned the need for bishops at all
105
Who was appointed Archbishop under Elizabeth?
John Whitgift who was an anti-puritan
106
What were some of John Whitgift new fuels during Elizabeth?
Ban on unlicensed preaching
Imprisoned those who refused to follow the rules through a new High Commission
107
Who was banned from preaching in 1580 during Elizabeth?
John Field a prominent Puritan
107
What was the Separatist Movement during Elizabeth?
Did not want a national church, they wanted parishes to establish their own churches based on the Bible’s teachings.
108
What Act was put in place against the Separtist Movement during Elizabeth?
1593 Act Against Seditious Sectaries - set the death penalty for those accused of being Separatists
109
What years did Parliament pass stricter law gains catholics during Elizabeth?
1563
110
Some laws passed against Catholics in 1563 during Elizabeth?
Failure of office holders to take the oath of supremacy a second time was now punishable by death
Penalty for saying mass was now the death penalty
111
What year was the Treason Act under Elizabeth and what was it about.
Treason Act 1571 - made denying Elizabeth supremacy high treason
112
When did Jesuit priests arrive in England during Elizabeth?
1580 - they were Catholic priests
113
Why did arrest of English Catholics increase during Elizabeth?
Throckmoorton Plot
Babington Plot
114
When were the first jesuits executed during Elizabeth?
1581
115
What did the 1585 Act say about jesuits during Elizabeth?
Parliament passed an act which gave Catholic priests 40 days to leave England or be executed
116
Overall how many Catholic priests were executed under Elizabeth?
150 Catholic priests, most were imprisoned.
117
Who held secret Catholic masses during Elizabeth?
Gentry
118
By 1603 how many Catholics were in England during Elizabeth?
10% with perhaps only 2% actively worshipping
119
What did you need if you wanted to preach during Elizabeth?
A license
120
What was Anglicanism during Elizabeth?
Faith and practice of the Anglican Christian beliefs
121
What article laid out Anglican beliefs during Elizabeth?
39 Articles
122
What acted stated Bible was based on true Christian faith during Elizabeth?
Hookers Ecclesiastical Policy 1595
123
Literacy rate during Elizabeth?
Rose from 20% to 30% for males
Literacy for females stayed at 20%
124
Who was leading playwright during the Elizabethan age?
William Shakespeare
125
Facts about acting during Elizabeth?
Male profession
Actors such as Richard Burbage were practically famous and performed roles many times over
126
Facts about theatres during Elizabeth?
Rich and poor attended same performances
Rich sat in covered galleries
Poor stood in the pit
Affordable for all
Many play carried political messages
Globe built, encouraged crime and disruption
127
Opposition to theatres during Elizabeth?
Puritans believed theatre distracted people from prayer or even was sinful
Large crowds could lead to spread of disease
Dangerous because many were drunk and crimes were committed
128
