Elizabeth I Flashcards
(193 cards)
1
Q
Who was Phillip II of Spain?
A
Son of Charles V
Catholic and married Mary I
After Mary’s death he claimed the English throne
2
Q
Who was Mary Stuart?
A
Catholic
Mary Queen of Scots
Cousin of Elizabeth through Henry VII’s daughter Margaret
Executed following series of Catholic plot’s
3
Q
Who was Pius V?
A
The Pope who issued a Papal Bull which declared Elizabeth a heretic and released her subjects from their loyal duty to her
4
Q
Who was Francis Walsingham?
A
A Protestant, Secretary of State and member of the Privy Council
Known as Elizabeth’s spymaster
Gained evidence to convict Mary Stuart of Treason
5
Q
Who was Matthew Parker?
A
Elizabeth’s first archbishop of Canterbury(1559-1575)
6
Q
Who was Edmund Grindal?
A
Elizabeth’s second Archbishop of Canterbury
Put under house arrest after refusing to act against prophesying’s (1575-1583)
7
Q
Who was John Whitgift?
A
Elizabeth's third Archbishop of Canterbury Issued Three Articles Acknowledged Royal Supremacy Agreed Common book of Prayer 39 Articles
8
Q
Who was William of Orange?
A
Protestant and leader of Dutch Revolt against Spanish rule, his assassination by Catholics led to fears of Catholic plots in England to kill Elizabeth
9
Q
When was the Act of Supremacy passed and what did it do?
A
1559
All clergy and officials had to take an oath of loyalty
heresy laws were repealed
Elizabeth declared Supreme Governor of the church
denied Papal authority
Communion in both kinds was allowed but it had to be called ‘mass’
10
Q
When was the Act of Uniformity and what did it do?
A
1559
Set out what form the English church would take, the 1552 Book of Common Prayer (more radical one), was selected to be used in all churches. Everyone must go to church, or recusants had to pay a fine of 1 shilling.
11
Q
When was the Vestments controversy?
A
1566 where 37 preachers deprived
12
Q
When did Mary Stuart flee Scotland and arrive in England?
A
1568
13
Q
What happened in 1569?
A
Revolt of the Northern Earls, also known as Rising of the North and the Northern Rebellion
14
Q
What happened in 1570?
A
Papal Bull of Pius V excommunicating Elizabeth
Cartwright gave a series of lectures which said that the role of Bishops and other officials were not reflected in the bible
15
Q
What happened in 1571?
A
Ridolfi plot and Treason Act
Strickland’s bill to reform the Book of Common Prayer
16
Q
What happened in 1572?
A
Field and Wilcox publish Admonition (warning) to the Parliament – example of Puritan propaganda
17
Q
What happened in 1574?
A
The first Seminary priests arrive
18
Q
What happened in 1580?
A
Jesuit missionary priests started arriving in England; treated as foreign spies; Prophesying’s (clergy come together to discuss the Bible)
19
Q
What happened in 1583?
A
Throckmorton Plot, John Whitgift become Archbishop Of Canterbury, Three Articles introduced by Whitgift
20
Q
What happened in 1585?
A
Parliament passes an Act against seminary priests and Jesuits
21
Q
What happened in 1586?
A
Babington Plot
22
Q
What happened in 1587?
A
Execution of Mary Queen of Scots and Cope’s Bill and Book to overturn government of the church (bishops)
23
Q
What happened in 1588?
A
Spanish Armada sent by Phillip II of Spain
24
Q
What is the Divine Right of Kings?
A
the belief that monarchs have been chosen by God and therefore it is sacrilege for the people to turn against their monarch and kill them
25
What is the York Conference?
meeting in York, following Mary Stuart’s arrival in England, to decide if Mary should stand trial for killing her husband, Lord Darnley
26
Define excommunication
when the Pope declares a person is no longer a member of the Catholic Church; this removed the obligation on any Catholic to obey Elizabeth
27
What were casket letters?
Radical Puritans that believed Elizabeth’s Church could not be reformed and so wanted to set up a completely independent church
28
What happened during the St Bartholomew's Day massacre?
in Paris, French Catholics killed French Protestants (Huguenots); marked a new stage in the French Wars of Religion; following the Ridolfi Plot, this
increased fears of a Catholic attack on Protestants in England
29
Who were Presbyterians?
wanted to replace the system of government in the English Church which focused on bishops
30
Who were recusants?
those who refused to attend the new Church; they had to pay a fine of one shilling a week which was not much for a rich person
31
Who were the Jesuits?
Catholic priests; members of the Society of Jesus; trained in Europe they entered England to support Catholics and bring the country back to Catholicism
32
How did Elizabeth enforce church attendance on Sundays?
fine of 1 shilling
33
When does Elizabeth get smallpox?
1562
34
When was arguments over marriage in parliament?
1563, 1566
35
When was arguments over purveyance?
1589
36
When was Walsingham declared Secretary of State replacing Cecil?
1573
37
When does Cecil become Lord Burghley?
1571
38
When does Wentworth ask for freedom of speech against the Royal Prerogative?
1576
39
When was the first execution of a Catholic priest?
1577
40
When was the Bond of Association?
1584
41
Why is 1585 a turning point?
War against the Spanish starts
| Act against the Catholics
42
what was Elizabeth's local government split into?
Justice of the Peace
Lord Lieutenants
Sheriffs
Local Officers
43
what was the responsibility and duty of Lord Lieutenants?
responsibilities involved with the military
(train, inspect local militia)
duties were to collect loans and supervise recusants
they also oversaw the enforcement of economic legislation
44
what was the responsibilities and duties of Justice of the Peace?
enforced legislation, investigated breaches of law, heard cases and determined sentences
duties- administered the Poor Law, gave licenses to ale houses and controlled sheriffs
45
what was the responsibilities and duties of sheriffs?
delivered all royal writs
| duties- swore in juries, delivered prisoners to court and carried out sentences given by quarter sessions
46
what were the responsibilities and duties of local officers?
Responsibilities: acted as constables, jurors and church wardens
Duties: Repairing roads, distributing poor relief, organising vermin control.
47
what was the weakness in Elizabeth's local government?
patronage- possible disputes and tensions if they are not given promotions as they expect it, although may arguably enforce greater effectiveness, cooperation and loyalty
they could also not ensure that control was effective everywhere- divisions between North and South etc
48
what was the advantages/disadvantages of using local men in local government?
disadvantages- take control and power too seriously and use it in their own benefit
advantages- central government could respond positively as they understood issues/concerns of local men
49
what was effective about Elizabeth's control over local government?
local men liked to have Elizabeth's personal loyalty and so this avoids rebellion
propaganda and printing press used to ensure the support of the nobles and gentry who were powerful men and therefore this was significant
also Cecil's notes about local families ensured nobody was left out
expectation of promotion (patronage) ensures loyalty
50
what was ineffective about Elizabeth's local government focus?
A lot more riots in the south, despite north being predominantly catholic. Too much focus on council of the north etc and ensuring effective control over the north that the south was almost ignored- allowed rebellion to spread. Local government focus on north.
51
what were Quarter Sessions?
they dealt with civil and criminal cases
| they were held by the resident JP every 3 months, in the principal town
52
what was assizes?
these were held twice a year by judges from Westminster in principal towns
they dealt with the most serious cases
53
what was the local courts?
dealt with everyday offences
| such as disputes between tenants, disputes over land ownership etc
54
what were the ecclesiastical courts?
dealt with matrimony, wills and disputes between neighbours
| quicker, cheaper and more flexible than traditional law courts
55
what was the Council of the North and the Council of the Marches of Wales?
they enforced central government
tried criminal cases and exercised civil jurisdiction
offered speedier justice than traditional law courts
56
What were the Marprelate Tracts in 1588?
Puritan propaganda which attacked bishops which shocked
57
What was the Admonition to Parliament in 1572?
called for church hierarchy to be replaced
58
who were Elizabeth's potential marriage suitors?
Robert Dudley, Phillip II, Archduke Charles, Prince Eric of Sweden, Charles XI King of France, Duke of Alencon
59
when and why did Elizabeth decline Phillip II's marriage offer?
previously married to her sister- Mary I
wanted to marry to still have an allegiance with England
at first Elizabeth kind of considered the offer and she knew help from Spain during early years of reign would be helpful as she faced so many problems
declined offer in 1559- mainly due to religious differences and was aware of xenophobia apparent in Mary's reign
60
who was Archduke Charles?
member of the Hapsburg family
son of Emperor Ferdinand the I
Elizabeth wrote to Vienna stating she was not looking to marry yet
61
why was Prince Eric of Sweden a more suitable match?
he was protestant
Eric recalled his brother John from London with suspicion he was courting Elizabeth
in 1564- Cecil suggested Archduke Charles a match again, partly as a result of 1562 smallpox and the need for an heir, and partly to undermine Robert Dudley
marriage due to be negotiated, but Elizabeth put a stop to this in 1567 following recent events in Scotland which helped her to feel more secure
62
who was Charles IX suggested by to be Elizabeth's husband?
Leicester (Dudley)
| However marriage to another monarch was never likely
63
who was suggested to marry Elizabeth in 1570?
Henry Duke of Anjou
he was the younger brother of Charles IX
was attractive to Elizabeth as Spanish relations soured- French relations may help
ended on religious grounds in 1571 (Ridolfi plot too)
64
who was Elizabeth's favourite marriage contender?
Duke of Alencon
named him her frog
courtship lasted 10 years and came close to success
sacrificed own happiness for her people- huge opposition against this marriage and Privy Council also divided
fretted she may die in childbirth
65
why was Elizabeth so unwilling to marry?
witnessed failed marriages of father and sister
did not want to share power
possibly sexually abused by Thomas Seymour- clearly would put her off
needed a protestant husband and most suitors were catholic
fear of opposition (xenophobia)
fear it may divide her court- if she married Dudley Cecil would go mad etc
66
what were the pressures on Elizabeth when making her religious settlement?
the return of exiles- many Marian exiles returned and wished for more radical policies
Bishops appointed by Mary refused to cooperate with Elizabeth
The foreign situation- Elizabeth was reluctant to give up Calais as she wished to negotiate with France. Phillip II keen to marry Elizabeth despite religious differences. People feared better relationships between France and Spain. Mary QOS = threat
advice from people-Goodrich, a Protestant MP warned Elizabeth to take things slow because of the bishops.
67
what was the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis and when was it?
April 1559
agreed that France would keep Calais for 8 years
Therefore, England lost Calais, meaning they became weaker to France and they had the potential to exploit, bearing in mind their Scottish links due to Mary QOS
68
what were Elizabeth's personal beliefs like?
clearly Protestant
unsure if she preferred 1st or more radical 2nd Prayer Book
liked rich vestments and church music despite it's association with Catholicism (good as could avoid unrest with Mary QOS or Spain)
had a personal dislike for married clergy even though this was a Protestant idea
1558 proclamation outlined her beliefs and intentions
69
what problems did Elizabeth face at the beginning of her reign?
Female ruler-regarded as weak, inferior, potentialto be exploited by a husband etc
In 1558, Mary QOS claimed she was the rightful heir to the throne and many Catholics supported her claim- there was the potential that she could overthrow Elizabeth with the help of many Catholic countries
Religious issues-huge division over religion in 1558, some Marian exiles returning wanting further religious reform, other Catholics present in Mary's reign detesting the Elizabethan settlement. A number of powerful nobles were Catholic and large Catholic majority in the North
Economic issues- instead of growing crops some chose to keep sheep for wool, and so many lost their jobs as this required fewer labourers. Thousands of spinners and weavers lost their jobs, tenant farmers faced higher rent for their land as inflation/price rises was occurring
70
what had harmed trade at the start of Elizabeth's reign that was a big economic issue?
debasement of the coinage- became worth less
| harmed trade as prices went up
71
who was England at war with in 1558?
France
72
what did France control that was close to England and therefore could have a huge effect on them?
Scotland, as Mary QOS married the French throne (Francis II of France)
This meant that French troops were based in Scotland and therefore this posed a threat to English security
73
by how much was Elizabeth in debt when she became queen?
£300,000
74
what was the issue with Elizabeth's large amount of debt at the start of her reign?
there was not enough money to pay for a full time army to protect the country from invasion
75
what were the societal issues Elizabeth faced at the start of her reign?
increased poverty and vagrancy as a result of the unemployment
amount 500,000 people were at the bottom of the social hierarchy, and held positions as labourers and servants etc
an influenza epidemic was killing thousands
76
what may Elizabeth's church in 1559 be described as?
via-media (compromise, middle of the way)
77
what modifications were made as a result of the Act of Uniformity 1559?
any ornaments, church robes used had to be of those that were around and used in 1548 (prior to Edward's first Book of Common Prayer)
When Communion was received, words were taken from both the 1st and 2nd prayer book (avoid unrest, not too radical)
78
what did the 1559 Act of Uniformity leave out?
the Black Rubric proclamation of November 1552 that was in the 2nd Book of Common Prayer
(kneeling for good order)
79
what methods were taken at the start of Elizabeth's reign towards taxes?
they were paid directly to Elizabeth by the church
| high debt- £300,000
80
what did Elizabeth do with the few monasteries Mary had restored?
dissolved them again and all land was declared legal possession of those who had acquired them
81
what evidence highlights Elizabeth's via-media approach to religion?
The Royal Injunctions meant that clergy had to wear distinctive dress, ornaments were allowed as well as images, and this was not considered idolatrous
music encouraged at Sunday services and despite Elizabeth's dislike of married clergy, this was allowed as long as the wives were approved by a bishop (clear mix of both Catholicism and Protestantism)
82
who looked after the Privy Chamber- Lord Chamberlain/Vice Chamberlain in the Privy Council?
Christopher Hatton
83
who was Lord Treasurer and looked after money to keep England solvent?
William Cecil (Lord Burghley 1571)
84
what were the main topics of discussion in the Privy Council?
```
intervention of Scotland 1559-1560
smallpox 1562
Mary QOS
Bartholomew Massacre 1572
Marriage 1579 (Alencon)
William Orange 1584
Troops to the Netherlands 1585
```
85
what was discussed at the Privy Council meeting of 1559-1560 about intervention in Scotland?
Cecil tried to encourage other council members to want to intervene in Scotland due to French troops there, as they were always a potential threat and Cecil wanted to eradicate it before the problem had the potential to get any worsening
86
what was discussed at the 1562 Privy Council debate to do with Elizabeth's smallpox?
succession was discussed as many feared Elizabeth's close death experience
they failed to reach a decision
1563 and 1566- marriage was discussed
87
what was discussed in privy council meetings after the 1568 arrival of Mary Queen of Scots?
that Elizabeth should not restore her to the throne until she had been through some sort of trial
Elizabeth agreed
88
what was discussed following the Bartholomew Massacre in a privy council meeting?
(French Catholics killed French Protestants)
invasion by France was feared
the council decided to increase guards around Mary and defended the South coast
89
When does Walsingham become Secretary of State?
1573
90
why may it be considered the Privy Council worked effectively in the 1570's?
all wanted the same thing- Protestant policy
| worked in a largely unified way and there only disagreements/lack of consensus was with the queen herself
91
what may prove that Elizabeth had to listen to public opinion and consider their views from early on in her reign?
due to her possible marriage to the Duke of Alencon
| Leicester and Walsingham influenced public protests and she pulled out of the marriage
92
how may the Privy Council be viewed as wearing down royal resistance of Elizabeth, essentially forcing her to give in?
the execution of Mary Queen of Scots (2 houses joined together presenting a petition asking Elizabeth to carry out the legal penalty for treason)
the sending of troops to the Netherlands to help the Dutch in 1585
93
what were the administrative roles of the Privy Council?
Lord Treasurer, Controller of the Household, Lord Chamberlain and Vice Chamberlain (run the council)
94
what were the executive roles of the Privy Council?
Lord High Admiral, Keeper of the Great Seal, Secretary of State, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster (put things into effect)
95
when does Robert Dudley become Earl of Leicester?
1564
96
what did Elizabeth do in Privy Council meetings that may be considered effective?
kept accurate notes, spoke one on one/ in small groups, attended meetings in the first place, promoting divisions to see both sides of a debate/argument, displaying anger and violence to assert her authority (important as she was a woman and they were all men), consulting with men outside of the council to get an overall view, displaying affection to get people to like her and agree with her, ultimate autocrat
97
what can be considered ineffective about the council by 1586?
the council lacked 'no men' as nobles were close allies to Elizabeth and so she did not have anybody to disagree with her, not a good thing
98
how did Elizabeth control government?
patronage-titles,gifts,wealth (keep people on her side)
Royal Prerogative (marriage, succession, religion, Mary Queen of Scots, foreign policy)
could decide who was in the council, who attended meetings and had the power to remove people
she could prorogue parliament
the speaker was a royal nominee
only one who can summon parliament
sometimes addressed parliament herself at the end of a session
99
how many MP's were there in the House of Commons?
462
100
what did the House of Lords consist of?
This was the unselected chamber and consisted of bishops, aristocrats and lords
101
what was Elizabeth's inherited debt of £227,000 owed to? how much interest did she have to pay on this?
The Antwerp Exchange
money market in Northern Europe
14%
102
what was Elizabeth's ordinary income?
came from custom duties (imported goods that then were taxed), profit of justice (crimes) and sources arising from patronage
103
what was Elizabeth's extraordinary income?
parliamentary subsidies (1585 war with Spain = increasing pressure and money needed)
104
what was the financial difficulty with the Hanseatic League?
German merchants carried wool from England and were allowed to trade at favourable rates which undercut English merchants
105
what evidence is there to suggest that Elizabeth's financial policy was only successful until the mid 1580's?
by 1576, she had got rid of £227,000 debt
by 1584 she had a surplus of £300,000
war was avoided until 1585
the Book of Rates governed the custom duties and made financial administration more efficient
amount of tax sometimes increased by 100% and the amount of goods that could be taxed went up
In 1571 Cecil agreed 10% tax could be charged on loans
finance committee set up to look at where budget cuts could be made
Elizabeth had increased revenue from crown lands from £86,000 to £111,000
106
what evidence is there to suggest Elizabeth's financial policy was not successful in the mid 1580's?
Book of Rates was not maintained
inherited £227,000 debt
Elizabeth's revenue gain was less than that of most nobles during the period
107
what evidence is there to suggest Elizabeth was unable to meet the financial demands of the latter years?
impact of war with Spain in 1585
the support of the Netherlands cost £2 million per annum
War with Ireland cost £2 million
finishing of cloth (dyeing and dressing) had limited success- most clothiers exported unfinished cloth
customs failed to bring in enough to keep up with inflation in the 1590's
108
in what ways was Elizabeth reluctant to reform the financial system?
would not employ professional collectors
109
what were the main Catholic plots between the years 1569-1586?
```
Northern Earls Rebellion (Never) 1569
Ridolfi Plot (Really) 1571
Throckmorton Plot (Threatened) 1583
Babington Plot (Bess) 1586
```
110
what were the aims of the Northern rebels 1569?
restore Catholicism in England
restore nobility
remove Protestant nobles Elizabeth relied upon- 'evil counsellors'- wanted William Cecil sacked
wanted Mary Queen of Scots recognised as Elizabeth's heir
111
what were the key events of the Northern Rebellion 1569?
Plot for Norfolk to marry Mary QOS, an English duke, turn Scotland and Mary Protestant
Mary agreed, as it was a way of securing the succession, but this was all done behind Elizabeth's back and therefore would be classed as treason, and so Dudley told Elizabeth everything and Norfolk was imprisoned in the Tower of London.
Elizabeth still feared an uprising of the Northern Earls, Westmoreland and Northumberland.
They were unhappy with their lack of influence at court and were Catholic
Queen summoned them to Council of the North and then Privy Council for further questioning, this scared them and so they rebelled.
Raised a .local force and marched South, gaining more rebels along the way
112
who led the Northern rebellion 1569?
Thomas Percy-Northumberland
| Charles Nevill-Westmoreland
113
how many men did the Northern Earls gather by November 1569?
6000 men at Durham Cathedral
114
how did Elizabeth respond to the rebellion in the North?
she was quick to act
raised forces against them under Sussex who forced them to retreat, and moved Mary QOS further South to keep her away from the rebels
hanged at least 400 rebels
Northumberland executed for treason in 1572, Westmoreland went into exile
115
was the Northern Rebellion a threat?
no support from Mary herself, or King of Spain- no
managed to destroy Durham Cathedral- yes
raised a force of 4500 men-yes
put down quickly and rebels executed-no
some Catholics believed the rebellion lacked legitimacy as Elizabeth was not excommunicated by the Pope yet-no (happens in 1570)
Earls had trouble gaining support where they were not dominant (anywhere other than the North basically)-no
Elizabeth had to be urged to act-yes, had the potential to do more harm
lacked realistic strategies-no
116
what were the aims of the Ridolfi Plot 1571?
return England to Catholicism
117
who led the Rildolfi Plot?
Ridolfi
a banker who had connections with England through business
was close with Cecil and other prominent men
in 1560's became obsessed with the return to Catholicism
118
what were the key events of the Ridolfi Plot 1571?
kill Elizabeth
Marry Mary to Norfolk
have the Duke of Alva invade from the Netherlands with 10,000 men and form an army of the Northern nobility
Mary and Norfolk agreed to the plot
Phillip II supported rebellion and agreed to send 10,000 men
Walsingham (spy) found out through interrogation and torture, Norfolk was guilty of treason
Letters from Ridolfi to Bishop Leslie were seized through this torture
Leslie blamed Norfolk and Mary
Elizabeth signed Norfolk's death warrant but refused to sign Mary's
Ridolfi escaped his fate
119
was the Ridolfi Plot a threat?
foreign support- Phillip and 10,000 men and Netherlands and 10,000 men- yes
it failed and Norfolk executed-no
reinforced threat after 1570 Papal Bull-yes
Elizabeth tried to improve relations with France as a result to buffer the Spanish threat-yes
pressure put on Elizabeth to be harsher to Catholics in England-yes
limited domestic support-no
Mary placed under even tighter surveillance- yes
120
who led the Throckmorton Plot 1583?
Francis Throckmorton- the link between Mary ad the Spanish ambassador
and his brothers
121
what were the aims of the Throckmorton plot?
restore Catholicism
Mary QOS as queen
have a Catholic French invasion supported financially by the Spanish and the Pope
Wanted to assassinate Elizabeth
122
what were the key events of the Throckmorton Plot?
late 1583, Walsingham's agents discovered the plot
While under torture Throckmorton confessed and named other rebels
Spanish Ambassador was sent back to Spain
Throckmorton convicted of high treason and executed in July 1584
123
was the Throckmorton Plot a threat?
not much domestic support-no
foreign support, as Throckmorton wished to make use out of foreign troops-yes
Bond of Association 1584 passed-yes
Throckmorton executed and rebellion did not achieve its aims- no
no more Spanish Ambassadors for the remainder of Elizabeth's reign- no
not dealt with properly as even PC felt Mary should have been killed
124
what was the Bond of Association 1584?
it stated that following the Throckmorton Plot 1583, anybody who attempted to ursurp the throne or assassinate the Queen would be executed
Mary was shown it
all Englishmen swore an oath to keep a look out for any traitors
it was drafted by Walsingham and Burghley (Cecil)
125
who led the Babington Plot?
Anthony Babington
became a supporter of Mary's claim to the English throne
he was a pageboy for Earl of Shrewsbury who was the jailer of Mary
126
what were the key events of the Babington Plot?
In 1580, Babington met Thomas Morgan who persuaded him to courier letters for Mary while she was in prison
the plan was to assassinate Elizabeth and replace her with Mary
Babington received letters from France for Mary. but did not do anything with them. instead he wished to go to France and have a meeting with a Poley (man with political contacts). However, he was an agent of Walsingham's, and so this contributed to his downfall
A letter regarding Mary's plan to kill Elizabeth was intercepted, and PC advised Elizabeth to bring Mary to trial(very reluctant, but eventually signed her death warrant)
Babington and his conspirators were hanged, drawn and quartered
Elizabeth postponed meeting with the House of Commons after she heard the verdict, as she felt she had laid a hard hand on Mary
127
was the Babington Plot a threat?
did not achieve its aims- no
indecisiveness (adjourned parliament for a further 2 months, notes with Cecil)- yes
severe punishments for all and even Cecil felt the hanging of Babington was enough- yes (clearly a warning)
no mass support-no
unrealistic plans due to lack of support?-no
128
who was William Allen and what did he do?
English Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church
a priest but never a bishop
set up colleges to train English missionary priests
assisted the Armada as wanted to return to England to keep Catholicism alive
129
what did the The Jesuits Act 1584 do?
commanded all priests leave the country or they would be punished with treason
if within 40 days they swore an oath to the queen then they would be pardoned
overseas Jesuits were given 6 months to return to England and within 2 days to submit and take the oath
if disobeyed = treason. If obeyed not allowed within 10 mile radius of the Queen for 10 years. Failure to comply to this was also treason
130
what was Matthew Parker largely responsible for?
implementing 1559 religious settlement and monitoring abuses within the church
39 Articles
131
what did Parker and Elizabeth disagree on?
clerical marriage, as Parker was married himself and Elizabeth's 1561 injunction stating no cleric can live with his wife did not make him very happy
Elizabeth was also concerned that the religious settlement was not being followed very well outside of London, and she blamed Parker for this
132
what were the 39 Articles?
The doctrinal statement of the Church of England
133
what was Elizabeth's relationship like with Edmund Grindal?
terrible
Grindal sympathised with Puritans, unlike the Queen
His attempts to move the church in a more Puritan direction angered her
She clashed with Grindal over prophesying's which worried Elizabeth as she felt they would preach whatever came into their heads, not what was official and sound doctrine
134
what were prophesying's and when does Elizabeth order Grindal to suppress them?
unauthorised meetings for prayer and preaching
1576, however Grindal wrote to the bishops about this and most of them agreed they should remain in force, and so Grindal wrote back that he disagreed with her
Elizabeth was outraged and he was suspended in 1577 until his death in 1583, when Whitgift became AOC
135
what was John Whitgift responsible for?
essentially fighting opposition to the religious settlement- in 1572, he had to reply to the Admonition to Parliament
Ensured uniformity unlike Grindal, and so the Queen liked him
He was helped by the establishment of a new High Court Commission, which he was President of. This worked to take action against nonconformists within the church
Became a member of the PC
136
what actions to parliament take against the Catholic threat?
1571- 3 Acts about treason and declaring Elizabeth was not Queen and against the publishing of Papal Bulls (necessary when Papal Bull one year prior, same year as Ridolfi Plot and Northern Earls happened 1569)
1577- execution of a Seminary Priest
1581-2 Acts against Catholics. Fine for non-church attendance went from 1 shilling to £20. Also higher fines for saying mass. Attempting to convert people to the Catholic faith is now treasonable. Three Seminary Priests were executed (133 in total)
1585- Act against Jesuits and Seminary Priests. Any priest ordained by Pope's authority is now guilty of treason. All priests ordered to leave on pain of death.
1587- Recusants who fall behind on church payments can now have 2/3 of their land seized (same year as Mary's death, taking back control)
1588- execution of 31 priests (fearful of another uprising/invasion- Armada same year)
1593-large gatherings of Catholics illegal, and were not allowed to be outside of a 5 mile radius from their homes
1602-A Royal proclamation orders all Jesuits to leave the country
137
when do the first Seminary Priests arrive in England?
1574
138
what may have provoked parliament to pass the 1585 Act against Jesuits and Seminary Priests, despite the rebellions?
the assassination of William of Orange by a Catholic extremist in 1584
Also England's pledged support in the Netherlands
139
How influential was William Cecil?
economic policy was great, as eradicates £227,000 in debt, cut government expenditure and cost of war
Drafting with foreign ambassadors and agents, really important role as he can see who writes to Queen
He was admin within the PC, and therefore had a really important say on everything going on in England, socially and economically
He was a part of the intelligence service, at home and abroad, and this meant that he effectively helped discover information on plots.
140
When does William Cecil stop being Secretary of State and who is this passed onto?
1573
| Walsingham
141
When is Cecil made Master of the Court of Wards?
1561
| Supervision of children who inherit great estates, this can be sold off to people and brought Cecil great wealth
142
When is Cecil made Lord Treasurer?
1572
| had to keep England solvent
143
When was the Vestments Controversy and what happened?
1566
Elizabeth told priests to wear colourful vestments in 1566 (because she liked it). Puritans felt this was too Catholic and refused
37 Puritans refused and were dismissed
Matthew Parker compromised- 'a camel surplice with long sleeves'
some still refused this
overall no significant impact
Puritans defected in the matter
144
what was the Puritan controversy in the House of Commons 1571?
in 1571, it was agreed that those who strongly disputedf the 39 articles only had to follow the doctrine articles, which was a concession to the Puritans
however, authorities did not always recognise the agreement
This was not a huge change
145
What was Strickland's Bill 1571?
Strickland wanted to change the Prayer Book to get rid of surplices and kneeling at communion
there was support for this bill in the HOC
there was no support from the higher authority and Bill was never heard of again
PC wanted to summon Strickland to ask why he had infringed the Royal Prerogative of Supreme Governor (Elizabeth)
Very limited success
146
What was Cope's Bill and Book 1586?
wanted to overturn the government and practice of the church
Genevan prayer book would replace the Book of Common Prayer as Cope supported Presbyterianism
Authority of bishops would be ended
Won some support
Elizabeth sent Cope and 4 others to the tower and gov.t attacked the bill
Only defended by Cope and 1 other MP- very limited success
147
what was Cartwright's criticism against bishops?
in 1570 he gave a series of lectures comparing and contrasting the Elizabethan religious settlement with earlier church practice
he concluded the role of bishops did not reflect biblical practice
His academic freedom of speech and professional status was removed
despite resentment against bishops growing, very limited success
148
what was the Admonition to Parliament 1572?
Field and Wilcox
Urged Genevan ministry to replace church hierarchy
argued for Puritan demands such as eradication of superstitious practices
Field and Wilcox were arrested
offered a new genuine proposal for reform, rather than just complaining = threatful
Many were horrified and believed in current authority, and even some Puritans were against it
caused large debate and successful to a certain extent, as it brought their agenda to the forefront
149
were Purtians a threat throughout the 1580's and 1590's?
some examples of separatists, who weren't willing to compromise and tried to establish their own brand
most fizzled out, were ended. Some leaders of groups executed. Most famous group were the Brownists in Norwich.
only attracted small numbers as most Puritans had come to accept the church
It was never a united movement- Elizabeth's church was better organised
posed no significant threat
150
what was the faction between William Cecil and Robert Dudley?
Cecil- focus on politics and duty
Dudley- pleasure and desire
Cecil was worried about Elizabeth's love for Dudley and feared they could marry.
Cecil tried several times to push through a foreign marriage as he said it would improve foreign relations
Dudley opposed this. Eg: Archduke Charles 1566- Cecil in favour and Dudley was not.
In 1578, Cecil urged that sending troops to support the Netherlands was not a good idea, he wanted peace after Northern Earls and Ridolfi rebels. But due to Dudley's more aggressive foreign policy, he wanted to do this.
After 7 years Elizabeth agreed when the Spanish conquest seemed likely
Marriage to Alencon- 1579
Cecil in favour and Dudley worked hard to provoke opposition to it. Dudley won.
151
what was the faction between Dudley and Thomas Howard (Norfolk)- Queen's closest male relative?
1565-1566
Norfolk accused Dudley of murdering his wife Amy to marry Elizabeth
Norfolk hated the match of Dudley and Elizabeth
The Anti-Dudley camp split the court and they wore red and yellow ribbons to represent each side
Elizabeth stating she will not marry Dudley stopped the faction
152
what was the faction between Robert Cecil and Robert Devereux (Essex)?
Cecil was groomed to take over by his father, whereas Devereux replaced his stepfather as the Queen's favourite
Cecil had great organisational skills, whereas Devereux was charming, greedy and ambitious
Cecil exploited patronage for his own benefit to reduce Devereux's influence, and Devereux wanted to control patronage to appoint his own friends to court/gov.t
1593- Essex was appointed to the council. There was faction between Cecil's maritime war policy and Essex's aggressive policy
1596- Essex had huge ambitions. Cecil aimed to negotiate an end of war with the Spanish, and Essex aimed to have friends appointed to key positions and oppose Cecil's aims to end war
1601- after the Essex rebellion. Devereux collapsed- Sweet Wines monopoly taken away and burst into the Queen's bed chamber. This left Cecil superior.
153
How many times did parliament meet in Elizabeth's 45 year reign? and in the latter years?
13 times
| once every 4 years- 1589, 1593, 1597, 1601
154
how much money is Elizabeth granted in 1589 and why?
Sir Walter Mildway decided a double subsidy
War with Spain required way more than just her ordinary income
this worried the Commons who thought it may become the norm
155
how much is Elizabeth granted in 1593 and why?
Again, a double subsidy as danger from enemies abroad was still an issue
Burghley (Cecil), suggested this was not sufficient as the 1589 grant brought in 480,000 and the queen spent 1 million
There was protests but they agreed to 3 subsidies
this was a lengthy discussion- 24 days
as a result the HOC asked for a remedy for purveyance, but Burghley said this was against the Royal Prerogative
156
what is an example of Elizabeth's Royal Prerogative being preserved?
In the case of Wentworth's Pamphlet-
Wentworth wrote a pamphlet to the Queen urging her to examine rights of all claimants to the throne
He was imprisoned in 1591, out in 1593, but then broke the law by talking about parliamentary business outside of meetings- he was sent to the tower and died in 1597
157
What did Elizabeth do while trying to ask parliament for money to try and help herself as best as she could?
sold crown lands
levied ship money
raised loans from the wealthy, but she still required funds
158
what grant was Elizabeth given in 1597?
one very similar to 1593, as it was clear she needed help and was doing what she could to help herself
159
what was a major financial issue?
monopolies- it cost Elizabeth nothing personally and was seen as a great way to reward people as she could no longer give out land or pensions but they were blamed for raising prices of commodities
160
who asked for a committee to look into the abuse of monopolies?
Wingfield
161
what did Elizabeth do in 1601 while removing the main monopolies? what suggests influence of parliament over Elizabeth in regards to this?
```
did not remove all of them and still issued more
despite Buckhurst (Lord Treasurer) informing Cecil many monopolies needed to be removed, nothing was done until parliament met in 1601
```
162
what occurred at the parliament meeting of 1601?
there was much discontent
most agreed monopolies were an issue but there was a lack of consensus on how to proceed
Weak economy and the continued levying of taxes made the impact worse
Elizabeth gave her Golden Speech, which was well received
163
how much money was Elizabeth granted in 1601?
4 subsidies
164
how compliant was parliament in the latter years?
Although at times Elizabeth had to listen and compromise (get rid of some monopolies and look into succession), on the whole they were very compliant as Elizabeth always got what she wanted or more (1601 = 4 subsidies)
Despite loss of significant power over parliament, the compromises made between them did not impact upon her wants and needs negatively
165
what was Britain's biggest commodity and what was the issue with this?
wool
| woollen products were in decline and so Elizabeth needed to find new trade routes
166
how did Elizabeth find new trade routes?
Joint-stock companies- investors bought shares in the company and received profits in proportion to their investments
The Muscovy Company - first major joint stock company
European trade was hit hard by the Dutch Revolt
167
What was the trade with Russia through the Muscovy Company?
investors brought shares into the company and received a proportion of the profits in relation to their investments
woollen good were sold to Russia and furs, timber, hemp and wax were brought back
however, faction within the Russian court made trade difficult
168
what was the trade to do with the slave trade?
300 slaves were sold and returned with ginger and sugar
the profits were large and more and more invested in it
However, the Spanish had a monopoly with the Slave Trade
169
what was trade like with the Levant Company in the Mediterranean?
silks, spices, olive oil and currants began to be imported
170
what was the Hanseatic League?
German merchants from Hamburg were allowed to trade at favourable rates so they could undercut Elizabeth’s English Merchants. They provided, tar, wheat, timber, furs in exchange for cloth. The Baltic trade was dominated by these German Merchants.
1579 the Eastland company formed- depot in Poland.
Slow to grow but did help ports on the East Coast.
Hanseatic League expelled by Elizabeth in 1597 due to the Eastland company.
171
how did the North-West passage fail?
Attempts were made to discover a passage so merchants could develop a route to the East
However, it was dominated by the Portuguese so could’t gain access to the market.
Failed despite Elizabeth's and William Cecil's funding's
Weather conditions limited expeditions
172
how successful was overseas trade developed?
rewards could be considerable, but there was the risk of losing profits, men and ships
173
Why was there more poverty than vagrancy?
government were unaware of increase, the rise of it and also even less confident about how to approach the issue
174
What caused the rise in poverty and vagrancy?
population rise- rose 1% every year until 1586, where it slowed a little (plague?)
inflation- prices rose more than wages and this reduced the power of those in employment
migration of workers to look for jobs
some thought enclosure of arable land for pasture led to unemployment
Soldiers and sailors were discharged with little money and often far from home and so this also increased poverty and vagrancy
It was concerning, as rebellion was feared due to this, as a large number of vagrants were involved in the 1569 Northern rebellion
175
what act is repealed in 1593?
The Tillage Act- asserted that land which had been under the plough for 4 years since 1528 could not be converted to pasture
176
what act is passed in 1563?
The Alms Act- the deserving poor were to be helped by a poor rate, people were required to contribute to the rate and those who refused were encouraged by the bishop to pay. If they still refused they could be reported to JP's and forced to pay
177
how did towns and cities try to solve issues for the poor?
punish sturdy beggars
try to distinguish between the idle and deserving poor
encourage people to pay poor rate
St Bartholomew's hospital for sick and Bethlehem insane
Orphanage in London
run by the city and so an incentive there for merchants to leave something in their wills
178
what effort was made to regulate employment?
the Statute of Artificers- 1563
those under 30 and the unmarried had to serve an employer who needed them
everyone was to work the land unless a scholar, at sea or in a skilled occupation
wage rates were to be settled locally and announced by the JP
hours of work were enforced(not clear how widely enforced-5am to 8pm)
seven year apprenticeships for all who practised crafts
Hoped to limit discontent and stop young people becoming economic migrants and help with food supplies
however, difficult to enforce and it did not stop people from moving to look for work
179
what was the 1572 Poor Relief Act?
contributions to the Poor Rate were made compulsory. but begging was licensed where relief could not be provided. Those begging without a license were whipped if under 14 and over 14s also experienced ear boring.
180
what was the 1576 Act for the Relief of the Poor?
Licenses to beg were given to those who had lost their possessions or those who were poor and had particular needs. Large towns had to provide materials to put the idle poor to work. Persistent beggars were sent to Houses of Correction which were in every county (disciplined labour)
181
what was the 1598 Act for the Relief of the Poor?
begging was forbidden, but the Poor Rate was still levied, although a maximum amount was set. JPs appointed overseers of the poor to provide materials to employ the able-bodied, but also relieve the aged and infirm
182
what was the 1598 Act for the Punishment of Rogues, Vagabonds and Sturdy Beggars?
ear boring was ended, but sturdy beggars were whipped and returned to their place of birth. 'Dangerous rogues' were banished or sent to the galleys
183
what was the 1601 Act for the Relief of the Poor?
the 1598 poor law was made permanent
the government now replaced the church in providing for the poor
a clear distinction made between the deserving and undeserving poor
184
how serious were the social and economic problems of the 1590's?
poor harvests in later 1580's, inflation of the price of wheat which was the source of bread- significant
by 1596 the price of wheat had doubled (also impacted upon and increased poverty)
excessive heavy rainfall caused lack of decent harvests between 1594-1598
Severe outbreaks of plague
deaths from malnutrition
in 1595-1597 the death rate increased by 50%
families who lost their breadwinner to plague faced disaster
almost every town affected by plague between 1596-1597
Book of Orders was sent out by Burghley to enforce quarantine measures but this was not listened to
poor communications made it difficult to transfer food where there was a surplus
185
what percentage of people could not support themselves by 1598?
12%
186
what was the Privy Council's advice to stop poverty and vagrancy, and other economic issues in the 1590s?
men to keep fewer dogs,cattle not to be fed peas, exportation of grain was forbidden- these were all inadequate ways of fixing the issue
187
where was there food riots?
Kent 1595 as well as Somerset, Norfolk and more...
188
what occurred at the Oxfordshire rebellion 1596?
supposedly a protest against enclosures
although leaders were not farmers etc- carpenter, mason, millers
unable to earn enough money to be independent and this meant it was taking longer for men and women to save up and get married
planned to throw down local enclosures, attack the Lord Lieutenant's headquarters, seize guns and march to London to meet with annoyed apprentices
5 ringleaders charged with treason
20 others questioned locally
use of torture was authorised to know if any landowners were involved (shows how serious it was taken)
ironically, hardly a serious threat-only 4 turned up at Enslow hill
189
what did the government pass as a result of the Oxfordshire rebellion 1596?
the Tllage Act 1597-reversed enclosure that had been carried out since 1588
190
what was the Irish rebellion 1598-1603?
led by the Earl of Tyrone
threatening as involved the Spanish- possible invasion of England despite brutal way sailors were treated in Ireland from the Armada
Battle of Yellow Ford 1598- Tyrone killed English commander
only 1/2 of the English troops returned safely
Tyrone now able to take control of most of Ireland
forces were well trained
Essex sent to deal with the problem (Devereux) with largest army sent to Ireland during whole Tudor period, 16,000 men
Essex unable to defeat Tyrone
Only took 4000 men when he met Tyrone and avoided battle
he then returned home without consent of Elizabeth (stormed into bedchamber)
Mountjoy replaced him, who was more effective and conciliated many Irish who were against Tyrone
Some leaders were captured and Spanish force was defeated in 1602
Tyrone surrendered a few days after Elizabeth's death
191
what was the Essex rebellion 1601?
rivalry with Robert Cecil made things worse
often wasted time, didn't listen to orders and did things without permission (joined expedition to Lisbon 1589)
this all damaged his reputation
put under house arrest after returning home without permission following Ireland events
reacted badly when he failed to get his own way, such as during discussions for who should be sent to Ireland to deal with Tyrone
Essex built up a party at court and had support in London
By sending Mountjoy to Ireland, this took away one of Essex's supporters- Essex committed high treason by trying to get him to come home before contacting James VI
His monopoly of sweet wines was removed
he made contact with James VI in Scotland
held a performance of Richard II (deposition of a monarch)- in your face Elizabeth
attempted to raise a rebellion in London, to get control of Whitehall (fairly realistic)hoping to play on the unpopularity of Robert Cecil, but many supporters did not act and he overestimated public support
rising was easily crushed
leniency of punishment- 6 executions suggests it was no more than a nuisance
Cecil faction could then dominate, gov.t dominated first time by just one faction
192
what happened after the execution of Essex?
sermon was preached in London which was very ill-received
'England's darling'
suggests support
threat?- had potential? Those who supported him did have good political understanding such as Earl of Southampton- yet still failed
193
what was the impact of the war with Spain?
invasion scares were present throughout the 1590's
Support of the Dutch consumed large amounts of money
total expenditure = £4.5 million with £2 million of that being spent in Ireland
1599-1601 forced to sell crown lands and things got so bad she considered selling jewellery
reduced patronage expenditure
impacted politics greatly- Essex and Cecil faction. Peace vs aggression
