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Elizabethan England (proper) Flashcards

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1
Q

Who helped Elizabeth originally run the country?

A

The court - anyone that lived in the monarchs house.
Privy council - around 19 leading courtiers, advisers, senior officials

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2
Q

What problems did Elizabeth have in 1558?

A

Claims of illegitimacy
She was a woman - she was thought to be inferior to others. Many thought she should marry.
Religion - the divide in the country (catholic and protestant) created civil war concerns.

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3
Q

What challenges did Elizabeth have at home and abroad?

A

Financial weakness - costly wars led to a weak country
Many catholics saw Mary queen of scots as the legitimate monarch. She was also half French.

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4
Q

What were the three features of the 1559 religious settlement?

A

Act of supremacy (Elizabeth as supreme governor of the church)
Act of Uniformity (all churches and services to be the same across the country)
The Royal injunctions (instructions to enforce the other acts)

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5
Q

What was the purpose of the religious settlement?

A

Elizabeth wanted to find a compromise to establish a form of protestantism that Catholocs could accept. She didn’t want to persecute Catholics but hoped the religion would die out in England.

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6
Q

What was the Church of Englands role in society

A

Elizabeth used the church to increase her control e.g. church courts and inspections enabled her to enforce the religious settlement

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7
Q

Who were puritans?

A

Puritans were extreme protestants that dissaproved the use of the crucifix and special vestments.

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8
Q

What challenge did the puritans pose to Elizabeth?

A

They dissaproved of the crucifix and special vestments so Elizabeth had to back down on crucifixes but manged to ensure vestments were worn.

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9
Q

What challenge did the papacy present in 1566?

A

The Pope instructed all Catholics not to attend church services

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10
Q

When was the revolt of the Northern earls?

A

1569

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11
Q

What was the plan for the revolt of the Northern earls?

A

Earls of Northumberland and westmorland would raise an army
The army would take control of Durham and march south to join the duke of Norfolk’s forces.
Thousands of spanish troops would then land to support the rebels
Rebel forces would sieze control of London and overthrow Elizabeth
Mary would be placed on the throne and married to the Duke of Norfolk

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12
Q

What were the main events of the revolt of the Northern Earls?

A

Rebels took Durham cathedral and held a Catholic mass
The rebels controlled land as far as leeds
Most nobles stayed loyal to Elizabeth
Rebels forced to retreat and were defeted. Hundreds executed

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13
Q

What was the significance of the revolt of the northern earls? (4)

A

First and most serious Catholic rebellion against Elizabeth
Power and influence of northern Earls ended
Prompted harsher treatments against Catholics
The Pope excommunicated Elizabeth

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14
Q

What were relations like between Mary and Elizabeth 1568 - 69

A

Elizabeth didn’t know what to do with Mary. She wasn’t going to hand her over to Scottish Lords but didnt want to send her abroard so kept her in England

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15
Q

What were the three plots planned against Elizabeth?

A

Ridolfi
Throckmorton
Babington

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16
Q

What did the Ridolfi, Throckmorton and Babington plots have in common?

A

They wanted to remove Elizabeth from the throne with the help of France or Spain and replace her with Mary.

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17
Q

What was the significance of the Babington plot?

A

The letters were intercepted and deciphered by Walsingham then used as evidence that Mary was directly involved.

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18
Q

When was Mary executed?

A

1587

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19
Q

Why was Mary executed?

A

The evidence from the Babington plot proved her guilty
Rumors of an imminent Spanish attack reinforced Mary’s threat.

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20
Q

What was the significance of Mary’s execution? (3)

A

It gave phillip of Spain another reason to want to remove Elizabeth.
Elizabeth was upset but it showed her new treatment of Catholics
Angered Englosh Catholics as their hopes of a Catholic monarch had been crushed.

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21
Q

What religious/political rivalry was there between phillip of Spain and Elizabeth?

A

Phillip was a strong Catholic monarch. Elizabeths support for protestants and treatment of Catholics created big problems between Spain and England.
Elizabeth rejected Phillips marriage proposal when she came to the throne.
England supported the dutch rebels

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22
Q

What commercial rivalry was there between England and Spain?

A

Spain dominated the new world and many English merchants opposed this, sometimes attacking spanish ships and ports.

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23
Q

What was the significance of the actions of sir Francis Drake (2)

A

He stole large amounts of money from spain from privateering.
He was knighted for his actiosn which sent a clear message to Spain.

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24
Q

What aspects of Elizabeths involvement in the Netherlands lead to war with Spain? (4)

A

She supported dutch rebels
She allowed dutch rebels to take shelter in English ports (sea beggars)
Took money from spanish ships (Genoese loan)
Provided financial help to the dutch rebels

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25
What was the significance of the Genoese loan?
It futher angered Spain as the ships were sheltering in English ports and were seized
26
What was the role of Robert Dudley in the Netherlands?
He led failed military expeditions in the Netherlands that worsened relationships between England and Spain even further
27
What was the treaty of Joiville?
It united France and Spain against protestants.
28
What was a consequence of the treaty of Joinville?
It led Elizabeth to believe she could no longer avoid conflict with France and Spain and so she signed the treaty of Nonsuch 1585 in support of the Dutch rebels.
29
What was the importance of the singeing of the king of Spain's beard?
It greatly delayed an attack by a whole year and gave England much more time to prepare for an attack.
30
When was drake's raid on Cadiz?
April 1587
31
What were the features of the singeing of the king of spain's beard?
Drake sailed into Cadiz harbour and destroyed 30 spanish ships and many of their supplies including freshwater barrels.
32
What lead to the revolt of the northern earls? (2)
Many members of nobility in the North were Catholics who obeyed the Pope's order to not attend protestant services. Northern nobility found their influence reduced under Elizabeth and disliked it.
33
When was the Dutch revolt?
1566
34
What was the Ridolfi plot?
A plan to murder Elizabeth and start a Spanish invasion before placing Mary QoS on the throne.
35
What was the significance and what were the results of the Ridolfi plot?
It reinforced the threat posed by Mary and spain Elizabeth tried to improve relations with the French
36
What was the Throckmorton plot?
A plan to have Mary's cousin the duke of Guise, invade and overthrow Elizabeth. Throckmorton was a go-between
37
What was the significance and what were the results of the Throckmorton plot? (3)
Threat of the Spanish and Mary reinforced List of Catholic sympathisers concerned Elizabeth Harsher laws against Catholics
38
What was the Babington plot?
A plan for again, the duke of Guise to invade with Catholics encouraged to rebel. Babington wrote to Mary about the plot.
39
What were the results of the Babington plot? (3)
Elizabeth's government determined to crush Catholicism Mary tried by the privy council and sentenced to death Mary executed
40
Why was the armada defeated? (7)
English galleons - faster and could carry more guns English cannons - could be reloaded faster Spanish supplies - poor quality cannonballs, rotting food etc Unreliable comms - between the Spanish and Parma English tactics - 6x more firepower, fireships created panic too Poor spanish leadership and tactics Weather destroyed the armada
41
Consequences of the Armadas defeat (6)
Great propaganda victory Importance of the religious victory emphasised Great boost to English pride Dutch rebels encouraged to renew the fight Showed strength and skill of the English navy Large cost to spain, financially and politically
42
What was education like for poor children?
They had no formal education and learned from their families on the land or in the home. They needed to bring in money for the family.
43
What was education like for well-off boys?
Petty schools from age 4-8 (reading, writing, arithmetic) Grammar school 8-18 (posh subjects lol)
44
What was education like for upper class boys? (3)
Private tutors until early teens. University from 14 or 15 Inns of court in London trained lawyers
45
What was education like for well-off girls?
Dame schools or home taught. Reading, writing, arithmetic but also music, dancing, needlework etc
46
What was education like for upper class girls? (3)
Private tutor till early teens Sent to another noble household to complete their education Make useful social contacts and perfect the expected womanly skills
47
What were the sports, pastimes and theatre like for nobility? (4)
Sports like hunting, fishing, fencing and real tennis
48
What were sports like for working people?
Football was very popular and usually had no rules and was violent
49
What were spectator sports?
Popular sports such as bear baiting and cock-fighting. Gambling was also very common
50
What was theatre like?
Theatre was popular among all classes. There were lots of plays and purpose built theatres. Protestantism also led to the development of new plays as old ones were too Catholic.
51
What were the main causes for an increase in poverty and vagabondage? (5)
Increased population Rising food prices Sheep farming and enclosure meant less employment More people forced to move to look for work International problems like the dutch revolt affected trade
52
What policies were there against the poor? (3)
1563 Statute of Artificers 1572 Vagabonds act 1576 Poor relief act
53
What was the 1563 statute of artificers?
A collection of poor relief money. It was collected from local taxes called the poor rate.
54
What was the 1972 vagabonds act?
Tried to deter vagrancy. Beggars were sent to houses of correction
55
What was the 1576 poor relief act?
Helped able bodied people to find work. Elderly and sick were given alms houses to live in
56
What was the significance of the 3 policies towards the poor?
It recognised that unemployment was a problem to be solved however it didn't have major success. Poverty still remained a problem
57
What were the two types of poor people?
Impotent/deserving poor Able/idle poor
58
What technological advancements caused elizabethans to explore?
Quadrant/astrolabe - new navigation Maps/printing - new maps were more accurate and could be printed New ship designed caused faster travel with more cargo and firepower
59
How did politics lead elizabethans to explore?
Wars with Spain and Netherlands hit trade hard Huge rewards in privateering and the americas Financial rewards caused increased control and power
60
What economic factors led elizabethans to explore? (4)
Wars with Spain disrupted wool and cloth trade - new markets needed Huge rewards in the Americas Trans atlantic slave trade North west passage
61
Why did drake circumnavigate the globe? (3)
Economic opportunities in the new world. To challenge spanish domination Revenge for Spanish defeat 1567-8
62
What positives came of Drake's circumnavigation
He raided Spanish ships Gathered useful info on the Americas Natives treated English with great hospitality
63
What negatives came of Drake's circumnavigation (2)
Lost 4 out of 5 ships Mutiny during the voyage
64
What was the significance of Drake's cirumnaviagtion? (4)
Huge return for investors Drake wealthy and famous Announcement of Nova Albion encouraged English settlements in America Destroyed Anglo-Spanish relations
65
Why was establishing a colony in virginia important? (5)
It was a base for privateering It was a base to attack Spanish colonies from It acts as an example for future colonies England would no longer have to rely on Europe for trade if it had the new world North Americans could choose English traders over spanish
66
What were Raleigh's preperations for the virginia colony? (4)
Fact finding mssion in 1584 Used positive reports to convince people to move (said they would be rich) Brought back two natives to help with the language and make connections Invested his own money as well as promised investorsa share in the profits
67
Why did the virginia colony fail? (5)
Vital supplies were damaged on the journey Hunting difficulty - gunpowder spoiled in the journey They had the wrong mix of people They planted crops too late Problems with the natives
68
What happened to the second colony in 1587?
Many problems such as large hostility from local tribes (they shot and advisor with arrows) John white returned to England to update Raleigh but came back to find the colony deserted.
69
When was the virginia colony?
1585 - 1586

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