elizabethan- part 1, court and parliament Flashcards

Question

who were the 4 members of the Privy Council under Elizabeth

Answer 1

- Sir William Cecil - Sir Francis Walsingham - Robert Dudley - Christopher Hatton

Answer 2

- most trusted advisor - secretary of state

Answer 3

- spy master - in charge of the secret service

Answer 4

- in charge of Elizabeth's safety - her favourite

Answer 5

- organised her progresses - in charge of the law courts and judges

Answer 6

- made sure they al had separate opinions - so they wouldn't overpower her and if all agreed on a decision it would be hard for her to go against it

Answer 7

William Cecil and Francis Walsingham

Answer 8

involved showing favouritism by giving particular men important jobs

Answer 9

titles, land, monopolies and other powerful opportunities

Answer 10

to establish loyalty and obedience from her court

Answer 11

- as it often created rivalries - meant that it ensured she would remain centre of the whole system and people would all disagree and not try to overthrow her

Answer 12

- made up of the House of Lords and the House of Commons - had influence over tax and was responsible for passing laws - the Queen could choose when to call Parliament and was free to ignore their advice

Answer 13

- appointed by the Queen - responsible for running a particular area of the country - responsible for raising a militiary to fight for the queen if needed - many also served on the Privy Council

Answer 14

- several in every country - responsible for maintaining order and enforcing the law

Answer 15

- responsible for the day-to-day running of the country, dealing with all policy areas - although the queen could technically appoint whoever she wished, in reality she had to appoint the most powerful landowners in the country in order to prevent rebellion - if the council was united, it was almost impossible for Elizabeth to go against their wishes, however unity as very rare as they were all ambitious rivals - led by the Secretary of State - William Cecil and Francis Walsingham were 2 significant and powerful figures who each served as Secretary of State, both had a huge influence on Elizabeth

Answer 16

- Parliament - Lord Lieutenants - Justices of the Peace - Privy Council

Answer 17

- was seen as an important duty - was a way of cementing alliances - was necessary (in Elizabeth's case) to produce and heir that could succeed her on the throne and carry on the Tudor dynasty

Answer 18

- create alliances with a foreign country or guarantee the loyalty of a powerful British family - produce an heir to secure and continue the Tudor line, and stop Mary Queen of Scots from becoming monarch next

Answer 19

- loss of authority (either to a foreign ruler or Englishman), by not marrying Elizabeth and England kept their independence - giving birth was very risky for the mother - her experience of marriage had been bad (father had married 6x and ordered her mother to be executed, and her sister's marriage to Phillip had been unhappy and didn't produce an heir) - she was able to use the possibility of marriage to her advantage when dealing with foreign leaders and important figures in England

Answer 20

- Francis, Duke of Anjou and Alencon - King Phillip II of Spain - Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester

Answer 21

- the French King's brother and heir to his throne - by the time marriage was proposed, Elizabeth was 46 and probably beyond having children- a childless marriage could result in England falling under French control - was Catholic, and many important figures in Elizabeth's court were against the marriage

Answer 22

- one of the wealthiest and most powerful men in the world - had been married to Elizabeth's sister Mary I but he had rarely visited England and not produced an heir - was Catholic

Answer 23

- a childhood friend and favourite of the queen throughout her reign- many assumed they were in love - a key figure in the royal court and member of the Privy Council - when his wife died, he became free to marry Elizabeth, but the scandal surrounding her death (and rumours of his involvement) meant this was almost impossible

Answer 24

- as she said that she “married the Kingdom of England” - remaining single allowed her to focus totally on ruling her country and keeping it secure and independent

Answer 25

- marriage and succession - religion - freedom of speech - crime and poverty - Mary Queen of Scots - monopolies

Answer 26

- succession - religion - foreign policy - taxation - Mary Queen of Scots - Ireland

Answer 27

- Elizabeth was the last living child of Henry VIII and she had no children of her own so it was unclear who would succeed her if she died without producing an heir - in the past situations like this had led to violent struggles for power - in 1562 she nearly died of smallpox, this drew attention to the uncertainty of England's future- as a result, senior figures were keen that she marry as soon as possible

Answer 28

- the Tudor period had seen England's official religion change a number of times and this created instability and violence - many Catholics did not trust Elizabeth and some claimed she had no right to be queen (they did not recognise Henry's marriage to Elizabeth's mother) - Puritanism (extreme form of Protestantism) was also a threat- there were a number who hoped to take control of Elizabeth's church and make it more extreme- could have damaged the whole religious settlement

Answer 29

- Catholic countries like Spain and France wanted influence over England and had the support of the Pope in this aim- threat of invasion - one key area of tension was the Netherlands, where the Protestant population was in conflict with its Spanish rulers- Elizabeth had to decide whether or not to become involved

Answer 30

- the country was short of money and Elizabeth needed to raise taxes - poverty was widespread and raising taxes would be very unpopular

Answer 31

- with no direct heir, the next in line to the throne was Mary (her Catholic cousin) - many Catholics saw her as an alternative Queen of England and this made a serious threat to Elizabeth

Answer 32

- like her predecessors, Elizabeth considered herself to be Queen of Ireland - in 1559 she faced a major revolt in Ireland- the first of several during her reign

Answer 33

- many in Parliament saw it as their duty to find Elizabeth a suitable husband - by 1566 they were discussing this openly, and Elizabeth banned them from talking about it again - she felt it was a decision for her alone

Answer 34

- the majority of those in both houses of Parliament were Protestant and supported Elizabeth's religious settlement - when she wished to introduce laws that made life hard for Catholics, she found support in Parliament - however, a number of powerful Puritans tried unsuccessfully to introduce new laws to change the Church of England

Answer 35

- MP Peter Wentworth was arrested 3x for arguing that MPs should be allowed to speak on any matter they chose- Elizabeth did not agree - some MPs supported his view, but others did not- one of his arrests was organised by other MPs wishing to demonstrate their loyalty to Elizabeth

Answer 36

- poverty was a significant issue, particularly when it led to crime - many MPs recognised that simply punishing the poor did not work and attempted to introduce new poor laws - they were unsuccessful until 1601 when the Poor Law was passed

Answer 37

- the majority of those in Parliament saw Mary, a Catholic, as a clear threat to national security and a significant number called for her execution - this pressure, and that of the Privy Council, may have swayed Elizabeth into executing her

Answer 38

- giving monopolies was an important way for Elizabeth to maintain the loyalty of powerful men in England - e.g. the sweet wine monopoly to the Earl of Essex - 1571 MP Robert Bell criticised them as unfair, others joined him in calling for changes in their use - Elizabeth agreed to make a few changes, but MPs pushed for more - 1601 she made a speech to Parliament giving the impression she was agreeing to make major changes without actually promising much at all

Answer 39

- she made it clear that she was in charge through her words and actions, issuing regular statements about her authority and arresting MPs who went too far in criticising her - she had the ability to dismiss Parliament when she wished and could also appoint new members to the House of Lords - it was the duty of her privy councillors and nobles to manage Parliament and ensure that they were clear on her wishes

Answer 40

- issues over marriage - issues over free speech - issues over monopolies - religious difference

Answer 41

- agreements over monopolies and poor laws - also some on religious points and foreign affairs

Answer 42

- had been a loyal subject to Elizabeth throughout most of her reign and was one of her favourites - became a privy councillor in 1595 and was awarded a monopoly for sweet wine - developed a rivalry with Robert Cecil (son of William Cecil) who was an important and influential figure at court - pleased the Queen in 1596 when he successfully attacked the Spanish port of Cadiz

Answer 43

- soon after his victory against the Spanish, he got in an argument with the Queen during a Privy Council meeting- at one point he turned his back on her and she hit him on the side of the head, he nearly drew his sword on her but was stopped just in time- was then placed under house arrest - Queen later sent him to Ireland to deal with a rebellion there- he failed to defeat them and agreed to a truce which was directly against the queen's orders - on his return, he rushes straight into the Queen's chambers and caught her without a wig! - after his failures, he fell from being one of the queens favourites and lost his monopoly for sweet wine- meant he also lost lots of his wealth and influence - therefore with nothing left to lose he began to gather supporters to plot a rebellion against the queen

Answer 44

- February 1601- Essex took 4 privy councillors hostage and marched them to his London house along with 200 supporters - Robert Cecil labelled him a traitor- many supporters left, while others panicked and released the hostages without permission - he got arrested along with his remaining followers

Answer 45

- Essex was put on trial for treason and sentenced to death - during his interrogation, he agreed to name other rebels including his sister Penelope - he was privately executed on 25th February 1601 - some of his supporters were also put to death, but most were just fined - it failed - Elizabeth made it clear she would not tolerate challenges to her authority, even late in her reign

Answer 46

- she was female in a time when women did not hold powerful positions in society - she had a number of initial problems to firstly deal with such as religion, foreign policy, taxation, Ireland, Mary queen of Scots and succession - she never married despite many suitors (some saw this as a clever decision) - many tensions arose and she had many disagreements with Parliament - Essex's rebellion was the final challenge to her authority and was easily defeated

Answer 47

- theatre - art - fashion - architecture - literature - music - education - science and technology - peace, power and pride - exploration

Answer 48

the gentry

Answer 49

- suspicion of the 'old' nobility - dissolution of the monasteries by Henry VIII - increasing wealth

Answer 50

- the Tudors deliberately marginalised the nobles who were seen as a threat by granting fewer titles and excluding them from government - this left a vacuum which the gentry class filled and became very powerful politically- dominated the House of Commons

Answer 51

the monasteries used to own about 1/4 of the land in England, there dissolution led to more land being available to buy

Answer 52

- growth in trade and exploration, together with population growth, rising prices and enclosures all helped the gentry class families grow their fortunes (e.g cloth trade from Antwerp) - they therefore were able to use their money to establish estates, build grand houses and educate themselves such as Elizabeth Shrewsbury

Answer 53

laws that strictly controlled the clothes that people were allowed to wear based on their social standing

Answer 54

- doublet - silk stockings - trunk-hose - jerkin - ruff - cloak - hat - beard - sword - shoes (leather with cork soles)

Answer 55

- farthingale - ruff - undergown - gown - over-gown - dyed hair with false hair on top - heavy white make-up - blackened teeth - shoes

Answer 56

- male fashion item - long-sleeved silk or satin shirt with ruffles at the end

Answer 57

- male fashion item - a colourful velvet jacket decorated with embroidery, fastened up the front with buttons

Answer 58

- males: narrow strip of starched linen ironed into pleats and worn around the neck as a collar - females: lace collar around a wire frame, worn around the neck

Answer 59

- female fashion item - petticoat with wooden hoops sewn into it

Answer 60

as the government saw actors as a threat to law and order and acting wasn’t considered a respectable fashion

Answer 61

- 1st- actors were to be punished as vagabonds- as puritans strongly disapproved of the theatre due to religious grounds - 2nd- all bands of actors had to licensed- due to government suspicion

Answer 62

1576- London theatre 1587- Rose theatre 1596- Swan theatre 1599- Globe theatre

Answer 63

- 7 major theatres - 40 companies

Answer 64

- outside of city walls- Bankside District on Southwark - due to these places having a bad reputation and much criminal activity along with many taverns

Answer 65

as all classes could attend as fees were low (1 penny) and it upheld the social standing

Answer 66

inn yards and market-places

Answer 67

- covered galleries- upper, middle, lower - flag to signal a play was starting - tiring house - pit - stage - upper stage - hut

Answer 68

- higher up someone sat, the higher class and status they had - 1 penny -lower classes were in the pit called groundlings- exposed to all weather and smelly conditions - 2/3 pennies- people in the 3-tiered galleries- covered and could sit up to 2000 spectators - richest- sit in the Lords rooms or even watch it from the stage itself

Answer 69

William Shakespeare

Answer 70

- violence, romance and patriotism - most plays flattered Elizabeth - were all censored to avoid any controversy - plays also obeyed the theme of the Great Chain of Being- favoured Elizabeth and her government

Answer 71

as they could use it as propaganda for Elizabeth

Answer 72

- London became overcrowded and busy (population of 200,000)- provided entertainment and a distraction for the poor making a rebellion less likely - also if the play content was strict- it could influence the public to favour Elizabeth and her government

Answer 73

was where the actors put on their attire

Answer 74

- was where ordinary people stood to watch - often heckled the actors - was completely open to the weather - cost 1 penny (penny stinkers) - where the lower class were-called groundlings

Answer 75

- often decorated with scenery - almost always a trapdoor for special effects like smoke - back wall was called the Frons Scenae and had a door for actors to enter and exit

Answer 76

- the heavens - ropes and rigging were also used for scene changes and dramatic entrances

Answer 77

- most expensive seats - sometimes used by actors and musicians during performances (called a Juliet balcony)

Answer 78

- it was an entirely male profession - female roles were played by boys

Answer 79

- theatre troupes like the Lord Chamberlain's Men (who Shakespeare was part of) - companies were named after the people who provided their funding (patron) - being a patron was a good way to impress the queen as she was fond of the theatre

Answer 80

- it was affordable - it was new and exciting - it was a social event - it was entertaining- plays were humorous, tragic or historical - it was contemporary and relevant to the time- many plays carried political messages

Answer 81

- puritans saw theatregoing as a distraction from prayer - some saw it as sinful - there were concerns that large gatherings might spread disease - theatres were dangerous places where there was drunkenness, crime and other immoral behaviour

Answer 82

- portraits including detailed miniature ones became very popular and contained symbolism - decorative silverware and textiles became important signs of wealth and culture in the homes of the rich

Answer 83

- before the Tudors, there was conflict over the throne, the reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VI and Mary I brought political stability but religious turmoil- Elizabeth brought stability and security to the country - england's growing wealth and military success made many of Elizabeth's subjects very proud

Answer 84

- significant breakthroughs in navigation, astronomy and a growing understanding of magnetism - improved printing presses allowed new ideas to be spread very quickly

Answer 85

- seen as increasingly important - wealthy boys and some girls received an education, but the poor did not

Answer 86

- many great plays were written during Elizabeth's reign and are still performed today - poetry was very popular, many nobles wrote poetry and some like Shakespeare wrote sonnets

Answer 87

- theatre became popular with all levels of society - the first permanent theatres were built

Answer 88

- europeans discovered new lands and new peoples - england became a major power in the world

Answer 89

- blood sports like dog fighting and bear baiting remained popular - torture and brutal execution were still used by the government - a small minority lived in luxury while the majority remained poor - life expectancy was low and medical treatment was ineffective - despite scientific breakthroughs in some areas, other practices were questionable (e.g. alchemy turning cheap metal into gold and astrology using planets to predict the future were popular

Answer 90

- Elizabeth and her government - used plays, festivals and pamphlets to promote this idea- known as Gloriana - was a way of securing her popularity and throne

elizabethan- part 1, court and parliament Flashcards

chapters 1-3 (elizabeth and her court, difficulties of a female ruler, a 'golden age') (120 cards)