Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Drugs > Elm 14 Heart Failure > Flashcards

Elm 14 Heart Failure Flashcards

(64 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Q: What is another term for heart failure?

A

A: Congestive heart failure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Q: What is the primary inability in heart failure?

A

A: The inability of the heart to meet the oxygen demands of the rest of the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Q: Name three possible causes of heart failure.

A

A: Hypertension, genetic factors, and coronary artery disease/myocardial infarction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Q: What does the Frank-Starling curve relate to?

A

A: The Frank-Starling curve relates end diastolic pressure to stroke volume.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Q: What is end diastolic pressure?

A

A: The degree of stretch of cardiac muscle fibers at the end of diastole.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Q: How is stroke volume related to exercise in individuals with heart failure?

A

A: People with heart failure have poor tolerability for exercise due to high end diastolic pressure resulting in a high stroke volume.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Q: List four symptoms of heart failure.

A

A: Cough, tiredness, shortness of breath, and pulmonary edema.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Q: What happens to the pumping action of the heart in heart failure?

A

A: The pumping action of the heart gets weaker.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Q: What percentage of people in Europe and North America are affected by heart failure?

A

A: 1.3-4%.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Q: How many people in the UK are estimated to have heart failure?

A

A: Up to 900,000 people.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Q: What is the 5-year survival rate for heart failure?

A

A: 50%.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Q: What are the two key problems in heart failure?

A

A: The heart doesn’t contract well, or the heart doesn’t fill well.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Q: What are the two classifications of heart failure?

A

A: Systolic and diastolic failure; reduced ejection fraction and preserved ejection fraction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Q: How is ejection fraction calculated?

A

A: Ejection fraction = 100(stroke volume)/ventricle volume (%).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Q: What is the normal ejection fraction for a healthy heart?

A

A: 60%.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Q: What is considered a reduced ejection fraction?

A

A: Less than 40%.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Q: Name three risk factors for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.

A

A: Previous myocardial infarction, diabetes, and valve disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Q: What is considered a preserved ejection fraction?

A

A: Greater than 50%.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Q: Name two risk factors for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.

A

A: Hypertension and atrial fibrillation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Q: What is dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)?

A

A: A condition where the ventricle is enlarged and baggy, leading to heart failure with reserved ejection fraction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Q: What percentage of dilated cardiomyopathy cases are familial?

A

A: About 50%.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Q: What is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?

A

A: A condition where the ventricle has a thick muscle wall, leading to filling problems.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Q: How is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy typically inherited?

A

A: It is mostly inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Q: Name two sarcomere proteins where mutations are known to cause cardiomyopathies.

A

A: Actin and myosin, MLCK, titin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q: What are the three types of heart failure based on the affected side of the heart?
A: Left-sided heart failure, right-sided heart failure, and biventricular heart failure.
26
Q: Why is pitting edema not diagnostic for heart failure?
A: Because it can arise from other conditions as well.
27
Q: How can someone with heart failure compensate initially for decreased cardiac output?
A: Through activation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), leading to vasoconstriction, tachycardia, and increased salt and water retention.
28
Q: Why is the initial compensation for heart failure considered maladaptive in the long term?
A: Because it leads to further damage to the heart.
29
Q: What can result from decompensation in heart failure?
A: Acute worsening of symptoms and potential arrhythmias due to muscle remodeling.
30
Q: Can heart failure be cured?
A: No, heart failure cannot be cured.
31
Q: What did the CONSENSUS and SOLVD trials show about ACE inhibitors?
A: They improve survival and slow the progression of heart failure.
32
Q: Which trial indicated that bisoprolol improves survival in heart failure patients?
A: The CIBIS-2 (Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study 2) trial.
33
Q: According to the COMET trial, which beta-blocker is superior: carvedilol or metoprolol?
A: Carvedilol is superior to metoprolol.
34
Q: What were the findings of the RALES trial regarding spironolactone?
A: Spironolactone improves survival and slows the progression of heart failure compared to placebo.
35
Q: What did the CHARM trial demonstrate about ARBs?
A: ARBs share the benefits of ACE inhibitors, but combining ARB with ACE inhibitor provides no additional benefit.
36
Q: What was the result of the PARADIGM-HF trial?
A: The combination of valsartan and sacubitril was superior to enalapril and the trial was terminated early due to its benefits.
37
Q: What did the SHIFT trial demonstrate about ivabradine?
A: Ivabradine reduced deaths and hospitalizations compared to placebo.
38
Q: What was the outcome of the A-HEFT trial involving African-American patients?
A: The trial was terminated early as isosorbide dinitrate and hydralazine were superior to placebo.
39
Q: How does sacubitril work in the context of heart failure treatment?
A: Sacubitril inhibits neprilysin, leading to increased cardiac natriuretic peptides which oppose the effects of RAAS by increasing salt and water excretion.
40
Q: What is the mechanism of action of ivabradine?
A: Ivabradine inhibits the sinoatrial node (SAN) pacemaker current, slowing the heart rate.
41
Q: How does hydralazine help in heart failure treatment?
A: Hydralazine interferes with IP3-stimulated calcium release from smooth muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum, reducing vascular resistance.
42
Q: According to NICE guidelines, what is the first-line treatment for heart failure?
ACE inhibitors and beta-blockers
43
Q: What should be used if ACE inhibitors are not tolerated in heart failure treatment?
A: Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs).
44
Q: What additional treatment is recommended if heart failure symptoms are not controlled by first-line treatments?
A: Spironolactone.
45
Q: Name two more serious treatment options for heart failure if symptoms persist despite standard treatment.
A: Ivabradine and sacubitril/valsartan.
46
Q: What is the recommended treatment for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction according to NICE guidelines?
A: Diuretics.
47
Q: Name two examples of loop diuretics.
A: Furosemide and bumetanide.
48
Q: What is the mechanism of action of loop diuretics?
A: They inhibit the transport of sodium (Na), potassium (K), and chloride (Cl) in the ascending limb of the Loop of Henle.
49
Q: List three main uses of loop diuretics.
A: Heart failure, edema, and hypertension (especially when not responding to other drugs or in patients with kidney issues or heart failure).
50
Q: What are some common side effects of loop diuretics?
A: Hypokalemia, high volume of urine, fatigue, headache, and muscle spasms.
51
Q: Name three examples of thiazide and thiazide-related diuretics.
A: Bendroflumethiazide, chlortalidone, and indapamide.
52
Q: What is the mechanism of action of thiazide diuretics?
A: They inhibit the transport of sodium (Na) and chloride (Cl) in the distal convoluted tubule.
53
Q: What are the main uses of thiazide diuretics?
A: Low doses for hypertension, and higher doses for edema and sometimes heart failure.
54
Q: What are some side effects of thiazide diuretics?
A: Hypokalemia, hypochloremia, moderately high volume of urine, fatigue, headache, gastrointestinal tract disturbances, and postural hypotension.
55
Q: Name two examples of potassium-sparing diuretics.
A: Spironolactone and amiloride.
56
Q: What is the mechanism of action of spironolactone?
A: It acts as an aldosterone antagonist.
57
Q: How does amiloride work?
A: It blocks the epithelial sodium (Na) channel.
58
Q: What are the main uses of amiloride?
A: It is added to loop and thiazide diuretics to prevent potassium loss.
59
Q: List three main uses of spironolactone.
A: Treating edema in heart failure, adjunct treatment in moderate to severe heart failure, and adjunct in resistant hypertension.
60
Q: What are some side effects of potassium-sparing diuretics?
A: Hyperkalemia, gastrointestinal tract disturbances, and more frequent urination.
61
Q: What additional effects can high doses of spironolactone have?
A: It can act as an antiandrogen, causing feminization in men and disrupting the menstrual cycle in women.
62
Q: Why is regenerative medicine focused on the use of stem cells?
A: Because stem cells have the potential to carry out extensive repairs or replace damaged tissues and organs.
63
Q: Why is the zebrafish commonly used in regenerative medicine research?
A: Because it grows rapidly, has a simple heart, its genome has been sequenced, its embryos are transparent, and it is capable of significant organ repair and replacement.
64
Q: What is the main advantage of using zebrafish for studying heart repair?
A: Many cell types and signaling pathways essential for zebrafish heart repair are also present in humans, offering insights that could help activate similar processes in human hearts.

Drugs (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions