elm 4.2 Flashcards
pentylenetetrazol is used to __
induce seizures
penicillin has _____ activity and is still widely used as a seizure _____ agent. it does not usually cross the bbb, but it does in _____, as the BBB is broken down by ______
anti-GABA
inducing
bacterial meningitis
inflammation
bicuculline and gabazine are_____ receptor antagonists, to ____ seizures
GABAa
induce
strychnine ____ seizures by acting as a ____ antagonist
induces
glycine
glycine acts through a _____ ligand-gated ___ channel (similar to GABAa receptor channel)
pentameric
cl-
nicotine acts on central _____
nACHRs
nACHRs are heavily expressed in the ________, _____, and ____
cortex
hippocampus
ventral tegmentum
nACHRs are located ________ and are ____________ channels
pre-and post-synaptically
ligand-gated cation
nAChRs _______ transmitter release and increase _________
enhance
neuronal excitability
nicotine both ________ the receptors AND induces _______
activates
desensitization
nicotine _______ spinal reflexes, causing measurable ___________
inhibits
muscular relaxation
what is the active ingredient in cannabis?
tetrahydrocannabinol
what are some pharmacological effects of cananbis?
relaxation
sharpenede awanress
slowing down of time
analgesia
An agonist at a CB receptor could be useful for the treatment of:
a. alcoholism b. glaucoma c. obesity d. tobacco addiction
b
The main effect of endocannabinoids is to:
a. inhibit the effects of neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic membrane b. inhibit the release of neurotransmitter from the presynaptic nerve terminal c. potentiate the effects of neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic membrane d. potentiate release of neurotransmitter from the presynaptic nerve terminal
b
Overdose of tetrahydrocannabinol is likely to produce:
a. drowsiness and confusion b. liver damage c. psychosis d. respiratory failure
a
Why does long term nicotine use increase the number of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors?
a. Nicotine has direct effects on the genes coding for nicotinic acetylcholine receptors b. Nicotine is a partial agonist and so antagonises ACh c. Nicotine causes receptor desensitisation d. Nicotine up-regulates ACh esterase, compromising cholinergic transmission
c
An antagonist of inhibitory glycine receptors is:
a. Bicuculline b. D-serine c. Muscimol d. Strychnine
d
Why might penicillin be injected into the cortex?
a. To cause the blood brain barrier to become more permeable b. To induce seizures c. To treat bacterial meningitis d. To treat seizures
b
A historical use of pentylenetetrazol (Metrazol) was to treat:
a. depression b. diabetes c. obesity d. seizures
a
What is the site of action of pentylenetetrazol?
a. 5Ht2A receptors b. GABAA receptors c. Kainate receptors d. NMDA receptors
b
The subtype of nicotinic receptor thought to be involved in nicotine addiction is the:
a. 2α1β1δε b. 2α12β1γ2 c. 2α43β2 d. 5α10
c
What class of receptors do the endocannabinoids act on?
a. GPCRs b. Ligand gated ion channels c. Nuclear hormone receptors d. Receptor tyrosine kinases
a
