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Elpošanas Sistēma Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the primary function of the respiratory system?

A

Gas exchange

Occurs between venous blood and alveolar air (external respiration) and between arterial blood and tissues (internal respiration)

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2
Q

What are the gas-conducting pathways responsible for?

A

Moistening, heating, and cleaning the air

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3
Q

What is ventilation in the context of the respiratory system?

A

Movement of air in and out of the lungs

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4
Q

Fill in the blank: The respiratory system includes the _______ which consists of the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and terminal bronchioles.

A

Conducting pathways

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5
Q

What is the role of the larynx in the respiratory system?

A

Sound production

This process is also known as phonation

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6
Q

What is the term for the gas exchange that occurs in the lungs?

A

External respiration

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7
Q

What is internal respiration?

A

Gas transport to and from cells in the body

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8
Q

True or False: The respiratory epithelium is primarily composed of ciliated cells and goblet cells.

A

True

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9
Q

What are the main functions of the mucosal structures in the respiratory system?

A

Warm, moisten, and filter the air

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10
Q

List the types of cells found in the respiratory epithelium.

A
  • Ciliated cells
  • Goblet cells
  • Basal cells
  • Serous cells
  • Brush cells
  • Neuroendocrine (DNES) cells
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11
Q

What is the function of goblet cells in the respiratory epithelium?

A

Produce mucus

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12
Q

What do ciliated cells in the respiratory system do?

A

Help in the mucociliary clearance mechanism

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13
Q

What type of immune response is provided by the respiratory epithelium?

A

Barrier function and immune response

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14
Q

What are neuroepithelial bodies and where are they typically located?

A

Groups of cells found in intrapulmonary airways

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15
Q

What is the primary function of the mucociliary clearance mechanism?

A

Protects lung tissue from inhaled particles and pathogens

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16
Q

Fill in the blank: The respiratory system’s epithelial cells secrete immunologically active substances such as _______.

A

Lysozyme

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17
Q

What types of immune cells are involved in the respiratory immune response?

A
  • Lymphocytes
  • Plasma cells
  • Macrophages
  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophils
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18
Q

What does the term ‘mucociliary clearance’ refer to?

A

The mechanism that moves mucus and trapped particles out of the respiratory tract

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19
Q

What is the function of alveoli in the respiratory system?

A

Site of gas exchange

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20
Q

What are the components of the respiratory system that facilitate gas exchange?

A
  • Respiratory bronchioles
  • Alveolar ducts
  • Alveolar sacs
  • Alveoli
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21
Q

True or False: The respiratory system plays a role in thermoregulation.

A

True

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22
Q

What is the role of endothelial cells in the lungs?

A

Produce enzymes that convert angiotensin I to angiotensin II

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23
Q

Fill in the blank: The respiratory system is involved in the elimination of _______ through exhaled air.

A

Volatile substances

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24
Q

What is the primary function of the nasal cavity?

A

Air passage

The nasal cavity is the first structure that facilitates the passage of air.

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25
What are the two main parts of the nasal cavity?
* Vestibule * Cavum nasi proper ## Footnote The vestibule is the anterior part, while the cavum nasi proper is the main area of the nasal cavity.
26
What separates the nasal cavity?
Nasal septum
27
What are the functions of the nasal cavity?
* Warms and humidifies inhaled air * Cleans inhaled air ## Footnote The nasal cavity has a significant role in conditioning the air that enters the respiratory system.
28
What type of epithelium lines the respiratory part of the nasal cavity?
Respiratory epithelium
29
What is the role of the olfactory mucosa located in the nasal cavity?
Sense of smell
30
What type of cells are found in the olfactory epithelium?
* Olfactory cells * Supporting cells * Basal cells ## Footnote These cells are crucial for olfactory function.
31
What do basal cells in the olfactory epithelium do?
Regenerate olfactory neurons
32
True or False: The nasal cavity contains venous sinuses.
False
33
What are the components of the respiratory epithelium?
* Ciliated columnar cells * Goblet cells * Basal cells * Brush cells ## Footnote These components contribute to the function of the respiratory epithelium.
34
Fill in the blank: The _______ is a cavity that connects the nasal cavity to the throat.
Pharynx
35
What are the three parts of the pharynx?
* Nasopharynx * Oropharynx * Hypopharynx
36
What type of epithelium lines the nasopharynx?
Ciliated pseudostratified epithelium
37
What type of epithelium is found in the oropharynx?
Stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium
38
What is the function of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) in the pharynx?
Immune response
39
What structure separates the larynx from the pharynx?
Epiglottis
40
What is the length and width of the larynx?
Approximately 4 cm long and 4 cm wide
41
What is the role of the venous plexus in the nasal cavity?
Heat exchange
42
What type of glands are found in the respiratory part of the nasal cavity?
Mucoserous glands
43
True or False: The nasal cavity has a large surface area for air conditioning.
True
44
What is the primary role of the Bowman's glands in the olfactory epithelium?
Dissolves odorants and moistens the mucosa
45
What two types of tonsils form the ring of the pharyngeal tonsils?
Aukslēju mandeles and mēles mandeles ## Footnote These are part of the immune system in the throat area.
46
What is the location of the balsene?
Between the rīkli and elpvadu ## Footnote Balsene refers to the larynx.
47
What is the average size of the balsene?
Approximately 4 cm long and 4 cm in diameter ## Footnote Balsene is a cylindrical structure.
48
What types of cartilage make up the framework of the balsene?
* Hialīnā skrimšļa elementi * Mazāki elastīgā skrimšļa elementi ## Footnote Includes various cartilages such as Cartilago thyroidea and Cartilago cricoidea.
49
What are the primary functions of the balsene?
* Radīt skaņu (fonācija) * Noslēgt traheju ēdiena norīšanas brīdī ## Footnote These functions help in sound production and protecting the airway during swallowing.
50
What are the three parts of the balsene?
* Supraglottis * Glottis * Subglottis ## Footnote These parts correspond to different areas within the larynx.
51
What is the role of the neīstās balss saites?
They are immobile and protect the airway ## Footnote Also known as vestibulārās krokas, they do not participate in sound production.
52
What type of epithelium covers the īstās balss saites?
Dauzkārtains plakans nepārragots epitēlijs ## Footnote This provides protection during phonation.
53
What is the role of the Musculus vocalis during fonācijas?
Savelk balss krokas kopā (addukcija) ## Footnote This action narrows the glottis and allows for sound production.
54
What is the structure and function of the elpvads?
A 12-16 cm long tube, always open due to C-shaped cartilage rings ## Footnote It connects the larynx to the bronchi.
55
What are the three layers of the elpvads?
* Gļotāda * Fibrozi-skrimšļainais apvalks * Adventīcija ## Footnote Each layer has distinct structural and functional roles.
56
What type of cells are found in the gļotāda of the elpvads?
* Skropstiņšūnas * Kausveida glandulocīti * Bazālās šūnas ## Footnote These cells play roles in mucus production and protection.
57
What is the significance of the bronhu koks?
It is responsible for conducting air to the lungs ## Footnote The bronhu koks branches from the trachea into smaller bronchi.
58
How do the bronhioles differ from larger bronchi?
Bronhioles have a smaller lumen diameter and lack cartilage rings ## Footnote This allows for more flexibility and adjustment of airflow.
59
What is the primary function of the alveolārais koks?
Facilitates gas exchange in the lungs ## Footnote It consists of alveoli where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged.
60
Fill in the blank: The main bronchi divide into _______ bronhi.
lobārie ## Footnote These are also known as secondary bronchi.
61
True or False: The left lung has three lobes.
False ## Footnote The left lung has two lobes, while the right lung has three.
62
What type of tissue replaces the cartilage rings in smaller bronchi?
Irregular cartilage plates ## Footnote This allows for more flexibility in the airways.
63
What type of epithelial tissue is found in the bronchi?
Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium ## Footnote This type of epithelium is characteristic of the respiratory tract, including the bronchi.
64
What is the function of Clara cells in terminal bronchioles?
Secretion of surfactant proteins and regulation of lung homeostasis ## Footnote Clara cells are crucial for maintaining the integrity of the respiratory epithelium.
65
What structures make up a pulmonary lobule?
* Respiratory bronchioles * Alveolar ducts * Alveolar sacs * Alveoli ## Footnote The pulmonary lobule is the smallest functional unit of the lung.
66
Fill in the blank: The alveolar wall thickness is approximately _______ μm.
0.2 – 0.4 ## Footnote This thickness is essential for efficient gas exchange.
67
What is the primary function of surfactant in the alveoli?
Reduces surface tension ## Footnote Surfactant prevents alveolar collapse during exhalation.
68
True or False: Terminal bronchioles contain mucus-secreting glands.
False ## Footnote Terminal bronchioles lack goblet cells and glands.
69
What are the two main types of alveolar cells?
* Type I alveolar cells (pneumocytes) * Type II alveolar cells (pneumocytes) ## Footnote Type I cells facilitate gas exchange, while Type II cells secrete surfactant.
70
What is the role of macrophages in the alveoli?
Engulf and remove inhaled particles and pathogens ## Footnote Alveolar macrophages play a vital role in lung immunity.
71
What is the diameter of small bronchi?
≤ 2 mm ## Footnote Small bronchi have a distinctive structure compared to larger bronchi.
72
What type of epithelium do terminal bronchioles transition to?
Simple cuboidal or simple columnar epithelium ## Footnote This transition occurs as the airways branch and become smaller.
73
What is the primary structural feature of respiratory bronchioles?
Presence of alveoli protruding from their walls ## Footnote This feature distinguishes respiratory bronchioles from other airways.
74
What are the major components of surfactant?
* Phospholipids * Cholesterol * Proteins ## Footnote These components are essential for surfactant's function in the lungs.
75
What is the significance of the alveolo-capillary barrier?
Facilitates gas exchange between alveolar air and blood ## Footnote This barrier is crucial for efficient oxygen and carbon dioxide diffusion.
76
What are the characteristics of Type I alveolar cells?
Flat, thin epithelial cells covering 90% of alveolar surface ## Footnote Their structure is optimized for gas exchange.
77
What happens during emphysema?
Excessive air accumulation in alveoli due to tissue elasticity loss ## Footnote This condition leads to impaired gas exchange.
78
What is the main function of Type II alveolar cells?
Secretion of surfactant ## Footnote Type II cells also serve as progenitors for Type I cells.
79
What is the diameter of terminal bronchioles?
≤ 0.5 mm ## Footnote This size is critical for their function in the respiratory system.
80
What does the term 'aerohematologic barrier' refer to?
The interface for gas exchange between alveolar air and blood ## Footnote This barrier is essential for respiration.
81
What is the role of fibroblasts in the lung tissue?
Synthesize extracellular matrix components ## Footnote They are important for maintaining lung structure.
82
True or False: Alveolar septa are formed by Type I alveolar cells.
True ## Footnote These septa separate adjacent alveoli.
83
What are the stages of lung development in embryos?
* Pseudoglandular stage (E14.5) * Canalicular stage (E16.5) * Saccular stage (E18.5 and P1) ## Footnote These stages reflect the maturation of lung structures.
84
What is the significance of local changes in tissues?
They are important for diagnostic, clinical, and research purposes. ## Footnote Local changes can indicate disease processes or tissue responses to various stimuli.
85
What does the term 'epithelial cell ratio' refer to?
It refers to the relationship between different types of epithelial cells, such as ciliated and goblet cells. ## Footnote This ratio can change in response to various diseases.
86
How does the goblet cell count change in respiratory illnesses?
The goblet cell count increases, affecting the ciliated to goblet cell ratio. ## Footnote For example, ratios may change to 4:4, 4:6, or 4:8 in cases of acute respiratory diseases.
87
What is goblet cell hyperplasia?
It is the increase in the number of goblet cells in response to certain conditions. ## Footnote This condition is often observed in chronic respiratory diseases.
88
What are the molecular components of the basal membrane?
The molecular composition of the basal membrane can undergo changes. ## Footnote These changes may affect tissue function and integrity.
89
What happens to smooth muscle in response to certain stimuli?
Smooth muscle thickening occurs. ## Footnote This can be a response to chronic irritation or inflammation.
90
What type of analysis is used to study disease factors at a molecular level?
DNA factor analysis and molecular analysis are used. ## Footnote These analyses help in understanding the underlying mechanisms of diseases.
91
What are local protective factors?
Local protective factors are elements that help maintain tissue health and respond to injury. ## Footnote Identifying these factors can aid in understanding tissue responses to damage.
92
What is surfactant and why is it significant?
Surfactant is a substance that reduces surface tension in the lungs. ## Footnote It is crucial for maintaining alveolar stability and function.
93
What does ciliary dyskinesia refer to?
Ciliary dyskinesia refers to impaired movement of cilia. ## Footnote This can lead to respiratory issues due to ineffective clearance of mucus.
94
What is the purpose of the literature cited?
The literature provides foundational knowledge and research in histology and related fields. ## Footnote Key texts include Histology: A Text and Atlas, Junqueira’s Basic Histology, and others.

Anatomija (2 decks)

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