ELS 2ND QTR Q1 Flashcards
(229 cards)
1
Q
It is the study of life
A
biology
2
Q
it means life
A
bio
3
Q
it means logos
A
study
4
Q
it deals w the structures, fucntions, and relationships of living organisms w the environment
A
biology
5
Q
it is the basic and smallest unit of life
A
cells
6
Q
what can work with one cell only
A
unicellular organism
7
Q
these r cells that work together
A
tissues
8
Q
it supports, protects, and gives structures to other tissues and organs
A
connective tissues
9
Q
types of connective tissues: 6
B L A C B D
A
blood
loose
adipose
cartilage
bone
dense
10
Q
connective tissue that contains and attaches to organs
A
loose connective tissue
11
Q
connective tissue that is highly elastic and fills the gap between internal organs. it binds muscle cells to the underlying tissues
- areolar and adipose
A
loose connective tissue
12
Q
connective tissues where ligaments and tendons fall under
A
dense
13
Q
connective tissue that is made up of thick collagen fibers and has compressed cells
A
dense
14
Q
it is a connective tissue that is found in areas where tensile strength is required
A
dense
15
Q
it is a connective tissue that is more on blood. it has wide ranging properties
A
fluid connective tissues
16
Q
it is a connective tissue that has a variety of distinct tissues with specialized cells
A
fluid connective tissues
17
Q
a type os tissue where most are protective coverage which can be inside or outside
A
epithelial tissue
18
Q
3 types of epithelial
A
squamous - flat
cuboidal - cube
columnar - columned, upward
19
Q
what are the 3 types of layers in epithelial tissue
A
simple
stratified
pseudostratified
20
Q
what do u call it when an epithelial tissue only has one layer
A
simple
21
Q
what do u call it when an epithelial tissue has 2 or more layers
A
stratified
22
Q
what do u call it when an epithelial tissue one layer but the nucleus are different heights which makes it look like it has multiple layers
A
pseudostratified
23
Q
pseudostratified layers are usually found in what type of epithelial tissue
A
columnar
24
Q
under epithelial tissues, what is seen in the urinary bladder and it changes shape
A
transitional
25
what r the 3 muscle tissues
skeletal
smooth
cardiac
26
this type of muscle tissue is attached to the skeleton
skeletal
27
this msucle tissue is an example of a voluntary muscle
skeletal
28
this type of muscle tissue is non striated and anucleated. it is also involuntary. it is the covering of internal organs
smooth
29
this type of muscle tissue is the muscle of the heart and is striated.
cardiac
30
this type of tissue is for sending out info
nervous tissue
31
t or f
nerve tissues r irreplaceable
t
32
it is a type of tissue that is important in transmissions from one cell to another
nervous tissue
33
these are tissues that work together
organs
34
different organs that work in the same function are called?
organsystem
35
how many organ systems are there
11
36
2 or more organs that work together are
organ systems
37
this has the largest organ of the body and forms a physical barrier between the external environment and the internal environment that it serves to protect and maintain
integumentary
38
2 types of musculoskeletal system
muscular and skeletal
39
it is composed of specialized cells called muscle fibers and are responsible for movemnet
muscular system
40
it has the fibia, patella, humerus, fibula, skull and is the bodys central framwwork
skeletal system
41
it sens mesages back and forth between the brain and the body
nervous system
42
it is made up of blood vessels that carry blood away from and towards the heart
circulatory system
43
it is the renal system and removes wste from blood in the form of urine
urinary system
44
provides adequate blood flow to all parts of the body
cardiovascular system
45
it is used for gas exchange between plants and animals and it is to breathe
respiratory system
46
it breaks down food into nutrients such as carbohydrats, fats, and proteins
digestive system
47
unused materials are discarded as what in the digestive system??
feces
48
Broken down food can be absorbed into the bloodstream so the body can use them for?
energy, growth, and repair
49
this is also known as the immune system
lympathic system
50
it proctetcs u from infection and keeps a healthy balance of fluids thru out ur body
lympathic
51
itcontains the ovary and testes
REproductive system
52
it contorls everything and is made up of all the bodys diff hormones
endocrine system
53
it regulates all biological processes in the body
endocrine system
54
the same orgaisms that live tgt is called a?
population
55
diff populations that live tgt is a ?
community
56
place where a community lives is an?
ecosystem
57
these are biotic organisms
living things
58
living things are classified into 3
animals plants and microorganisms
59
who is the father of genetics
gregory mendel
60
this is naming and classifying organsims
taxonomy
61
what is inlcuded in taxonomy (7)
K P C O F G S
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species
62
named organisms
with binomial
nomenclature
Carolus Linnaeus
63
who is the Father of Taxonomy
Carolus Linnaeus
64
binomial names are composed of 2 parts
generic or genus name
specific name
65
what is the scientific name of humans
homo sapiens
66
is is the study of formation and development of organisms
embryology
67
is the study of marcomolecules (biomolecules)
biochemistry
68
it is the study of microorganism
microbiology
69
study of animals
zoologoy
70
study of plants
botany
71
study of cells
cytology
72
study of structures
anatomy
73
study of orgini of organisms
evolution
74
stufy of fucntions of an organ
physiology
75
study of heredity and varation
genetics
76
study of relationships between humans and their environment
ecology
77
study of organisms w technology
biotechnology
78
living things come from non livng things
abiogenesis
79
life arose from non-living material if it was triggered by pneuma (heat)
Called “Spontaneous generation”
abiogenesis
80
means life coming from life
biogenesis
81
said that dead maggots or flied would not generate new flies when placed on rotting meat in a sealed jar, whereas live maggots or flies would
francesco redi
82
he tried to imitate francesco redi by doing the gravy experiment and separated it into groups
enclosed didnt have microorganisms till it was opened
opened had microorganisms
lazarro spallanzani
83
he debunked the theory of abiogenesis. used a u shaped flask
louis pasteur
84
father of pasteurization?
louis pasteur
85
he ONLY said that life begins from a series of chemical reactions but he didnt actually do smth abt it
alexander oparin
86
they proved oparins theory on abiogensis by using inorganic substance and emersed it with high energy
harold urey and stanley miller
87
he briefly boiled a broth mixture and then cooled it in an open container to room temp.
john needham
88
he proposed the panspermia/cosmozoic theory which says that life came from outerspace
hermann richter
89
this is the basic structure of the body
cell
90
cells can either be?
prokaryotic or eukaryotic
91
an organism is either?
multi or unicellular
92
these are examples of what? Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Protists
unicellular organisms
93
these are examples of what?
○ Fungi
○ Plants
○ Animals
Most complex beings
94
This refers to when the growth is from inside to outside
Organisms intussusception
95
is in non-living things and goes outside to inside
Accretion
96
this define stages in an organism
and there are changes not only in size
Development
97
reproduction can either be?
sexual or asexual
98
it is the transfer of traits and DNA thru Heredity
reproduction
99
it is the sum of all chemical and physical reactions in a body
metabolism
100
the gathering and usage of energy
metabolism
101
TYPES OF METABOLISM
catabolism and anabolism
102
the breaking down state in metabolism
catabolism
103
the building up state in metabolism
anabolism
104
homeo means?
balance
105
stasis means?
state
106
types of homeostasis
negative n postiive feedback
107
this is when u try to regulate or balance out
negative feed back
108
this is an amplification or is when the force goes to that area
positive feedback
109
this is the respond to stimuli of plants
tropism
110
it is when it moves towards the stimulus
positive tropism
111
it is when it moves away from the stimulus
negative tropism
112
this is the reaction height
phototropism
113
this is the reaction to chemicals
chemotropism
114
this is the reaction to water
hydrotropism
115
has same structure but diff function
homologous structures
116
same function but diff structures
analogous structure
117
this is non functional
vestigial organs
118
they believed that organisms tend to undergo changes over a period of time
empedocles
119
proponent of stages in embryology
pierre de maupertuis
120
proponent of homologous and analogous
karl von linne
121
proponent that said species change gradually
jean baptiste lamarck
122
theories by jean baptise lamarck
theory of need
theory of use and disuse
theory of acquired inhertiance
123
states that when need arises,
organisms tend to evolve
theory of need
124
states that if an organ part is used, it will be enhanced, if not
used, it will be gone
Theory of use and disuse
125
states that characteristics were transferred from parents to offspring
Theory of acquired inheritance
126
he coined the term cell
robert hooke
127
he is the father of microbiology
antonie van leeuwenhoek
128
what is his theory
Matthias Schleiden (1838)
all plants r made up of cells
129
Theodor Schwann (1839) ssid what?
all animals are made up of cells
130
Rudolf Virchow (1855) said what
all cells came from pre exisitng cells
131
these are small organs
organelles
132
this type of cell has no nucleus
prokaryote
133
this type of cell can be multi or unicellular
eukaryote
134
this is always unicellular
prokaryote
135
this cell has membrane bound organelles
eukaryote
136
this cell is bigger
eukaryote
137
this cells reproduction is in the form of binary fission or asexual
prokaryote
138
these r the small organs inside a cell
cell organelles
139
these are locomotory, propeller like motion, whip like, and has tail like structures
flagella
140
these are locomotory, they move back and forth, has hair like structures, is used in motion, and in increasing rate of absorption
cilia
141
this encloses the cell and monitors what comes in and out of the cell
cell membrane
142
controls the transport system of the cell
cell membrane
143
what model is singer and nicolson's
fluid mosaic model
144
model that looks like patches
fluid mosaic model
145
phospholipids contain?
Hydrophilic (water loving) head and hydrophobic (water hating) tails
146
The tails in phospholipid are very important for the solubility of ?
fat soluble vitamins
147
what vitamins can easily dissolve in between the Phospholipid Bilayer?
Vitamins A, D, E, K
148
these r also known as protein channels
transport proteins
149
these r used for the passageway of materials esp large molecules
transport proteins
150
these r the sugar coating above cell membranes
glycolipids
151
This is the second main part of the cell
cytoplasm
152
this contains water and nutrients and is where organelles float
cytoplasm
153
where is the cytoskeleton seen
cytoplasm
154
this acts like the skeleton of the cell
cytoskeleton
155
3 types of cytoskeleton
microfilaments
intermidiate filaments
mictroubules
156
actin myosin filaments
structural and moving
tension element
microfilaments
157
structural integrity and tensile strength
not too thick nor too thin
Intermidiate filaments
158
thick
seen in mitotic spindle
(centrioles in the cell cycle will produce spindle fibers which are microtubules)
flagella and cilia
9+2 dimer
Microtubules
159
this carries stuff around in the cell
endoplasmic reticulum
160
2 types of endoplasmic reticulum
SMOOTH ER and ROUGH ER
161
type of er that lacks ribosomes
smooth
162
type of er with flat shape
rough
163
what is the shape of a smooth er
tubular
164
er that is Very important in protein synthesis because ribosomes are the site for protein synthesis
rough
165
er that is impt for lipid synthesis, cell detoxication, and storage of ion
smooth
166
er that helps w secretion of insulin
rough
167
er that is Found in the liver of a person because it is the detox part of a person
smooth
168
it converts hydrogen peroxide into water for the
body to consume.
peroxisomes
169
it is the protein factory
ribosome
170
ribosomes are found where when it is free
cytoplasm
171
ribosomes are found where when it is attached
in the rough er
172
where are ribosomes produced
in the nucleolus
173
it is the packaging site or where packages or proteins are sorted out
golgi apparatus
174
proponent of golgi body
camillo golgi
175
this ships products from the golgi appaaratus
vesicles
176
this is the form of defense in the cell
lysosome
177
this has enzyme sacs and is seen in the WBC
lysosomes
178
it is the primary defense of the body
white blood cells
179
types of white blood cells
N E B L M
neutrophils
eocinophils
basophils
lymphocytes
monocytes
180
wbc that helps in phagocytosis
neutrophils
181
wbc that fights parasitic infections
eocinophils
182
wbc that fights inflammatory and allergy reactions
basophils
183
wbc specifc for immune system response
lymphocytes
184
wbc that fights bacteria, viruses, and fungi in the body
monocytes
185
it is at the center of the cell and it is its control center
nucleus
186
this is the covering of the nucleus
nuclear membrane
187
these r the pores that make it possible for water to go in and out of the nuclear membrane
aquaporins
188
this is the fluid portion inside the nuclear membrane
nucleoplasm
189
it is found in the center of the nucleus
nucleolus
190
this makes the RNA and ribosomes
nucleolus
191
it is the powerhouse of the cell
mitochondria
192
where we get energy
mitochondria
193
what produces atp
mitochondria
194
what does atp mean
adenosine triphosphate
195
it is made up of cellulose and lignin
cell wall
196
this does not allow the escape of water in plants
cell wall
197
this cannot be digested by humans bc we dont have cellulase
cellulose
198
what do bacterias have that is very impt in staining?
peptidoglycan
199
single layered cell wall, has thick peptidoglycan, rigid and stronger
gram positive bacteria
200
double layer cell wall and is resistant to antibiotics
gram negative bacteria
201
these make and store needed compounds
plastids
202
this holds the chloroplast and is non fucntional but gives color
plastids
203
types of plastids
chromoplasts
chloroplasts
leucoplasts
204
gives color to fruits
chromoplasts
205
green pigments and impt in photosynthesis. it is the site for photosynthesis
chloroplasts
206
it is colorless like amyloplasts and proteinoplasts
leucoplasts
207
this is the storage of water, organic compositions, and enzymes
vaculoes
208
part of animal and plant cell that has active and passive transport
cell membrane
209
transport that does not use atp and movement is from high to low concentration
passive
210
3 types of passive transport
diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion
211
it is the scattering of particles and commonly tries to find the equilibrium state.
diffusion
212
it is the movement of water. is impt in plants and fruits
osmosis
213
it uses protein channels but not atp. used when cells are too big
facilitated diffusion
214
it is the strength of a solution
cell tonicity
215
3 types of cell tonicity
hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic
216
Equal amount of solute and solvent
and There is no reaction
isotonic
217
Higher concentration of solute than solvent
The water is moving out of the cell because there is more water inside. Because of this, the cell will shrink and dehydrate.
hypertonic
218
High solvent, less solute
Expands so there will be a
bursting of the cell which is called
Cytolysis
hypotonic
219
this uses energy and the movement is low to high concentration
active transport
220
2 types of active transport
bulk transport and sodium potassium pump
221
this is impt in muscles and has lock and key model
sodium potassium pump
222
it is for muscle contraction and movement
sodium potassium pump
223
less amount of potassium in the body,
you can die because of this because the muscles will tend not to move
Hypocalimia
224
happens simultaneously
ex: when theres dust, the nose will allow it to enter our body (Endocytosis) and then there will be a reaction which is a sneeze (Exocytosis).
bulk transport
225
types of endocytosis
phagocytosis
pinocytosis
receptor mediated endocytosis
226
endocytosis that is cell eating and solid
phagocytosis
227
endocytosis that is for water absorption
pinocytosis
228
endocytosis used in the concepts of vaccines and antihistamines
receptor mediated endocytosis
229
it is the expelling out stage and produces mucus
exocytosis
