ELS (LG 3) Flashcards
(102 cards)
1
Q
naturally occurring solid material made up of one or more minerals or organic matter
A
rock
2
Q
3 categories of rock
A
Igneous
sedimentary
methamorphic
3
Q
Lava cool
A
Igneous rock
4
Q
2 types of igneous rock
A
intrusive rock
extrusive rock
5
Q
Magma cool underneath surface
A
Intrusive rock
6
Q
Magma cool in the surface of earth
A
Extrusive
7
Q
small particles of sand, mud and organic material settle to the bottom of water or land areas.
A
sedimentary rock
8
Q
Sediments are transformed into solid sedimentary rock called
A
Lithification
9
Q
process of Piles of sediments accumulate
Compacted
A
Compaction Process
10
Q
water seeps through pore space between particles may contain cementing materials
A
cementation process
11
Q
rock that has been changed by extreme heat and pressure
A
methamorphic rock
12
Q
rock’s resistance to scratching, abrasion, and weathering
A
hardness and durability
13
Q
how a rock breaks, either along smooth planes (cleavage) or irregularly (fracture).
A
cleavage and fracture
14
Q
way a rock reflects light, described by terms like metallic, glassy, dull, etc
A
Luster
15
Q
color of a rock’s powder when rubbed against a streak plate.
A
streak
16
Q
mass of a rock per unit volume
A
density
17
Q
amount of empty space within a rock
A
porosity
18
Q
rock’s ability to allow fluids to pass through it.
A
Permeability
19
Q
rock’s ability to withstand stress without breaking
A
strength
20
Q
measures of a rock’s resistance to different types of stress (compression, pulling, or sliding
A
Compressive, Tensile, and Shear Strength
21
Q
rock’s ability to resist being worn down by friction
A
abrasion resistance
22
Q
how a rock reacts with chemicals, such as acids or water
A
chemical reactivity
23
Q
are the building blocks of rocks, classified based on specific characteristics
A
Mineral
24
Q
are formed by natural processes, not manufactured by humans.
Inorganic - are not derived from living organisms
A
Naturally occurring
25
are not derived from living organisms.
Inorganic
26
are solid substances with a uniform composition throughout
Homogeneous solid
27
has a specific chemical formula that defines its constituent elements and their proportions
Definite chemical composition
28
have an orderly, repeating arrangement of atoms, forming a crystal lattice.
Crystalline structure
29
visual appearance of a mineral in reflected light
color
30
color of a mineral's powder when rubbed against a streak plate
streak
31
mineral's resistance to scratching, measured on the Mohs Hardness Scale
hardness
32
tendency of a mineral to break along smooth, flat planes of weakness within its crystal structure
cleavage
33
mineral's ability to transmit light, ranging from transparent (clear) to translucent (semi-clear) to opaque (no light passes through)
Diaphaneity/transparency
34
way a mineral reflects light, described by terms like metallic, glassy, pearly, silky, etc.
Luster
35
mineral's resistance to breaking, bending, or tearing
Tenacity
36
mineral's ability to be cut with a knife into thin shavings
Sectility
37
mineral's density relative to water
Specific Gravity
38
mineral's ability to be attracted to a magnet due to its iron content
Magnetism
39
emission of radiation from a mineral due to the presence of radioactive elements
Radioactivity
40
emission of visible light by a mineral when exposed to ultraviolet radiation
Fluorescence
41
sensation a mineral produces when tasted (only used for a few minerals, like halite)
Taste
42
smell a mineral gives off when broken, scratched, or heated
Odor
43
type of mineral test where it helps identify salts. Example is the Halite. It has a salty taste
taste test
44
type of test where Some minerals react with acid and "fizz". Carbonate minerals like calcite, dolomite, azurite, and malachite dissolve with hydrochloric acid (HCl) giving off bubbles and carbon dioxide.
mineral acid test
45
The External Natural Forces in which the surface and subsurface are exposed or changed through Weathering, Erosion, Mass Wasting, And Sedimentation
Exogenic processes
46
process by which rocks are broken into smaller fragments chemically or physically
Weathering process
47
when a large rock break into pieces physically without alteration in its chemical composition.
MECHANICAL WEATHERING
48
requires chemical reaction between rock mineralsand other substances in the environment in order to break rocks
chemical weathering
49
3 types of chemical weathering
Dissolution
Oxidation
Hydrolysis
50
Solute are dissolved in solvents to form a solution
Dissolution
51
Loss of electrons in an atom
oxidation
52
water is used to break down the chemical bonds
hydrolysis
53
process when rock particles are moved from one place to another
Erosion
54
process by which sediments are dropped off by agents of erosion.
deposition
55
agents of erosion
water
wind
glacier
gravity
56
are geological processes that occurs beneath the surface of the earth
ENDOGENIC PROCESSES
57
also know INTERNAL FORCES originate within the earth and cause various geographic phenomena
Endogenic Forces
58
6 majors endogenic processes
VOLCANISM, METAMORPHISM, EARTHQUAKES, CRYSTAL WRAPPING, FOLDING, AND FAULTING
59
is the ultimate source of energy
earth interior
60
2 types of heat
primordial heat
radioactive heat
61
Main contributor is the acceleration energy
Primordial heat
62
is the thermal energy released as a result of spontaneous nuclear disintegration of natural radioactive elements inside the planet: uranium, thorium and potassium
radioactive heat
63
2 CLASSIFICATION OF ENDOGENIC FORCES
Diastrophism (Slow Movements)
Sudden Movements.
64
refers to all processes that move, elevate, or deform the earth's crust due to diastrophic movements (deforming movements) such as folding, faulting, warping (bending or twisting of a large area), and fracturing.
Diatrophism
65
are slow and can last for thousands of years
Diatrophism
66
are further classified into epeirogenic and orogenic movements
Diatrophism
67
the lithospheric plate boundaries are prone to sudden geomorphic movement
It cause by the pushing and pulling of the mantle, the plate boundaries are extremely unstable
Cause earthquakes and volcanism
Sudden movement
68
Significance of Endogenic processes
Formation of landforms
geothermal Energy
Influencing climate
69
When rocks are stressed, the resulting strain can be elastic, ductile, or brittle. This change is generally called _________, caused by tectonic forces that are accumulated in the crust and then cause earthquakes.
Deformation
70
3 types of deformation
Elastic deformation
Ductile deformation
Brittle deformation
71
is a temporary and reversible change in the shape of a rock.
Elastic deformation
72
occurs when enough stress is applied to a material that the changes in its shape are permanent, and the material is no longer able to revert to its original shape.
Ductile deformation
73
Irreversible strain when rocks break in pieces in response to stress
Brittle deformation
74
is the force exerted per unit area and strain is the physical change that results in response to that force. When applied ______ is greater than the internal strength of rock, strain results in the form of deformation of the rock caused by the _____
Stress
75
3 types of stress and 1
Tension
Compressional
Shear
Fold
76
A stress which stretches rocks in two opposite directions. Its associated plate boundary is divergent while its fault type is normal
Tension
77
A type of stress that causes the rocks to push or squeeze against one another. Its associated plate boundary is convergent while its fault type is reverse
Compressional
78
When two plates rub against each other as they move in opposite directions. It can cause earthquakes. Its associated plate boundary is transform while its fault type is strike-slip
Shear
79
Layers of rock that are curved or bent by ductile deformation. Most visible in rocks that contain layering
Fold
80
3 types of main folds
Anticline
Syncline
Monocline
81
A convex up fold in rock that resembles an arch or A shape
Anticline
82
A type of fold where the rock layers are warped downward in a U shape
Syncline
83
The simplest type of fold. Step-like folds, in which flat rocks are upwarped or down warped, then continue flat
Monocline
84
result when stress forces exceed rock integrity and friction, leading to brittle deformation and breakage.
defined as the displacement of once connected blocks of rocks along a _____ plane
Fault
85
3 major fault line
Normal
reverse
Strike-Slip
86
The block above the fault moves down relative to the block below the fault. This fault motion is caused by tensional forces
Normal fault
87
The upper block, above the fault plane, moves up and over the lower block. A reverse fault has a steeper dip, greater than 30 degrees
reverse fault
88
Two blocks of rock slide past one another. This is the result of a type of stress known as shearing stress
Strike-slip fault
89
are felt at the surface of the Earth when energy is released by blocks of rock sliding past each other, i.e. faulting has occurred. Most earthquakes occur along active plate boundaries
Earthquake
90
The universe began with the __________, creating all matter and energy. Over billions of years, dust and gas clumped together to form the Sun and planets, including Earth. Early Earth was a molten ball of rock.
The Big Bang & Earth's Formation (4.5 Billion Years Ago)
91
The ___________ formed from a collapsing cloud of gas and dust. Earth formed as particles stuck together and shaped into a sphere. The Moon formed from a collision with a Mars-sized object.
Formation of the Solar System (Approx. 4.6 Billion Years Ago)
92
Early Earth was extremely hot with a molten surface. As it cooled, oceans formed and the atmosphere consisted of volcanic gasses. Around 4 billion years ago, impacts brought water and organic materials to Earth.
The Hadean Eon (4.6 to 4 Billion Years Ago)
93
As Earth cooled further, oceans formed and simple single-celled life began to emerge in these oceans
The First Oceans & Life (4 Billion Years Ago)
94
The first continents formed. Simple life forms, including bacteria and cyanobacteria, appeared. Cyanobacteria began producing oxygen, leading to the Great Oxygenation Event
The Archean Eon (4 to 2.5 Billion Years Ago)
95
An increase in atmospheric oxygen led to the extinction of many early organisms unable to tolerate oxygen.
The Oxygen Revolution (2.5 Billion Years Ago)
96
Multicellular organisms and eukaryotes appeared. Supercontinents formed and broke apart, and Earth experienced periods of extreme cold known as "Snowball Earth."
The Proterozoic Eon (2.5 Billion to 541 Million Years Ago)
97
An asteroid impact caused a mass extinction event, leading to the extinction of the dinosaurs and the rise of mammals
The Mass Extinction (66 Million Years Ago)
98
After the extinction of dinosaurs, mammals became the dominant land animals. This era includes ice ages and warmer interglacial periods.
The Cenozoic Era (66 Million Years Ago to Present)
99
Modern humans evolved in Africa and eventually spread globally, developing advanced tools, language, and culture.
The Rise of Humans (200,000 Years Ago)
100
The current epoch began after the last Ice Age, marked by the development of human civilizations and agriculture.
The Holocene Epoch (11,700 Years Ago to Present)
101
Some scientists propose a new epoch, the _________, characterized by significant human impact on Earth's geology and ecosystems.
The Anthropocene
102
Earth remains dynamic with diverse life. Human activities like climate change and environmental degradation are prominent issues facing humanity today.
The Present & Beyond
