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Embalming 1 > Embalming 1 Exam 3 > Flashcards

Embalming 1 Exam 3 Flashcards

0
Q

changes prior to death (somatic) but still can effect embalming

A

ANTEMORTEM (AGONAL) CHANGES

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1
Q

Ante Mortem (Agonal) Changes

A
  1. Thermal changes
  2. Blood changes
  3. Moisture changes
  4. Translocation of M.O.
  5. Gases in the tissues
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2
Q

any change in body temperature; rising or fallen

A

THERMAL CHANGES

a. Agonal Fever
b. Agonal Algor

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3
Q

an increase in body temperature prior to somatic death

i) Commonly found in infectious diseases
ii) Speeds the rate of rigor mortis and decomposition

A

AGONAL FEVER

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4
Q

decrease in body temperature prior to somatic death.

i) Due to slow metabolism and poor circulation also environment
ii) Slows the onset of rigor mortis and decomposition

A

AGONAL ALGOR

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5
Q

the settling of blood and or other fluids to the dependent portions of the body (before death)

A

BLOOD CHANGES

HYPOSTASIS (ante mortem)

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6
Q

the loss of moisture from the human body prior to somatic death
i) Could result in the thickening of the blood and dehydration of certain tissue

A

MOISTURE CHANGES

b. AGONAL DEHYDRATION

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7
Q

(clots) congealing of the blood

A

BLOOD CHANGES

COAGULATION

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8
Q

the escape of blood serum from and intravascular to extravascular location immediately before death

i) There is an increase in moisture in the tissue and cavities
ii) Results from capillary expansion
iii) Speeds the decomposition process
iv) How will this affect the strength of your diluted arterial fluid? Increase strength

A

MOISTURE CHANGES

a) AGONAL EDEMA

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9
Q

movement of MO from one area of the body to another
a) An example is from the intestinal area to the blood vascular system due to capillary
permeability changes
b) It occurs as organisms normally confined to an area of the body by natural body defenses are
able to move as the body loses its ability to keep them in check

A

TRANSLOCATION OF MO’S

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10
Q

before death under the skin ruptured alveii
i) It has no odor no skin slip rises to highest body areas can increase intense swelling
ii) Results from a puncture of lung or pleural sac
iii) Seen in cardiopulmonary resuscitation treatments; puncture wounds to the thorax from rib
fractures

A

GASES IN THE TISSUES

a. ANTEMORTEM SUBCUTANEOUS EMPHYSEMA

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11
Q

(1) Include channel tissues after arterial injections to release gas
(2) Establish good arterial preservation
(3) Gas may escape through incision

A

GASES IN THE TISSUES

ANTEMORTEM SUBCUTANEOUS EMPHYSEMA TREATMENTS:

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12
Q

POST MORTEM CHANGES

1) POST MORTEM PHYSICAL CHANGES
2) POST MORTEM CHEMICAL CHANGES
3) POST MORTEM STAIN
4) POST MORTEM CALORICITY
5) RIGOR MORTIS
6) CHANGES IN pH
7) DECOMPOSITION
8) PTOMAINS PRODUCES
9) END PRODUCTS OF DECOMPOSITION
10) ORDER OF DECOMP - BODY COMPOUNDS
11) ORDER OF DECOMP - BODY ORGANS
12) FACTORS GOVERNING DECOMPOSITION

A

POST MORTEM PHYSICAL CHANGES

a) ALGOR MORTIS
b) HYPOSTASIS (POST MORTEM)
c) LIVER MORTIS (CADAVERIC LIVIDITY)
d) DEHYDRATION (DESSICATION)
e) INCREASE IN VISCOSITY OF BLOOD
f) IMBIBITION

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13
Q

A series of physical and chemical changes that occur between the period of somatic death and embalming; the longer the time between death and embalming; the more changes will occur

A

POST MORTEM CHANGES

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14
Q

post mortem cooling of the body to the surrounding temperature. The internal organs will cool slower than the surface tissues

A

ALGOR MORTIS

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15
Q

ALGOR MORTIS Influencing

INTRINSIC FACTORS: - physical part of body

A

(1) CORPULENCE
(2) AGE
(3) CAUSE OF DEATH

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16
Q

the amount of adipose tissue. Larger individuals cool slowly; thin cool faster

A

CORPULENCE

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17
Q

a child will cool faster than an adult

A

AGE

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18
Q

febrile diseases will slow the onset; wasting diseases can speed the onset

A

CAUSE OF DEATH

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19
Q

ALGOR MORTIS Influencing

EXTRINSIC FACTORS: – outside the body

A

(1) AMOUNT OF CLOTHING – covering the body
(2) TEMPATURE AND HUMIDITY
(3) EMBALMING INFLUENCE – cooling of the body will slow the onset of decomposition

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20
Q

the pooling or settling of blood and or other fluids to the dependent or lowest portions of the body

i) Because of an increase of moisture bacterial activity could be high
ii) Increase moisture will increase the preservative demand for body regions in which hypostasis has occurred
iii) Hypostasis will cause liver mortis

A

HYPOSTASIS (POST MORTEM)

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21
Q

the post mortem intravascular red-blue discoloration resulting from the hypostasis of blood i) Can it be removed with normal arterial injection and venous draining? Yes
ii) Why? Because it is intravascular

A

LIVER MORTIS (CADAVERIC LIVIDITY)

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22
Q

The loss of moisture from the dead human body The main cause is either:

(1) Surface evaporation
(2) Embalming solution
(3) hypostasis

A

DEHYDRATION (DESSICATION)

23
Q

This results in the formation of blood clots
Type of post mortem clots:
(1) Current jelly clot – long stringy jelly like; fast forming and most common
(2) Chicken fat clots – slow forming small and yellow in color

A

INCREASE IN VISCOSITY OF BLOOD –

24
Q

absorption of the fluid portion of blood by the tissues after death resulting in post mortem edema

A

IMBIBITION

25
Q

changes after death in chemical composition

A

POST MORTEM CHEMICAL CHANGES

26
Q

looks like liver mortis; most permanent type of blood discoloration encounter in embalming
a) Any extravascular color change that occurs when heme released by hemoglobin of red blood cells seeps thru the vessel walls and into the tissue
b) Results from Hemolysis
c) Hemolysis – destruction of red blood cells that liberates hemoglobin
d) Hemolysis begins approximately 6-10 hours after death
e) Since post mortem stain is extravascular it generally will not be removed with normal arterial
injection and venous drainage
f) May be bleached

A

POST MORTEM STAIN

27
Q

slight rise in boy temperature following somatic death

a) Results from cellular metabolism after somatic death
b) This occurs until the entire oxygen supply is used

A

POST MORTEM CALORICITY

28
Q

the post mortem temporary stiffening of the body muscles due to a natural chemical body process

a) Marks the end of muscle cell life
b) Generally appears in the average body 2 to 4 hours after death

A

RIGOR MORTIS

29
Q

the relaxation of the muscles immediately after somatic death

A

PRIMARY FLACCIDITY

30
Q

the relaxation of the muscles after rigor mortis passes in an unembalmed body; after 4 hours death

A

SECONDARY FLACCIDITY

31
Q 
RIGOR MORTIS
PRIMARY FLACCIDITY
SECONDARY FLACCIDITY
Order of appearance and disappearance
Physical methods of reducing Rigor Mortis
Influence on embalming
A 
Order of appearance and disappearance:
Muscles of the eyes 
Muscles of the face 
Muscles of the neck 
Muscles of the upper extremities 
Muscles of the trunk/torso 
Muscles of the lower extremities
32
Q 
Physical methods of reducing Rigor Mortis 
Flexing
Extending 
Rotation 
Massaging 
Once relived it never returns
A

Influence on embalming:
May be difficult in establishing a position of the body
May be difficult in posing the features
Give a false sign of preserved tissue
May restrict fluid distribution
The acidic pH does not provide a good medium for reaction with the arterial fluid
primary flaccidity (softness) initial softness of body after death; maximum rigor mortis is 5 pH
After secondary flaccidity (softness) preservation demand increases
Muscle in which rigor mortis is present will not decompose because the acid present inhibits bacterial activity

33
Q

pH scale runs from 0-14; 7 is neutral above is alkaline and below is acidic; 0-7 acidic; to 0 more acidic; 7-14 alkaline; to 14 more alkaline

a) Normal pH of the blood and tissues of the body is approximately 7.4
b) After death lactic acid begins to accumulate in the muscle tissues (results are rigor mortis)
c) The pH will drop to an acid level of 5 or below
d) As protein breaks down (decomp) there is a gradual build up in the tissues of nitrogen products such as ammonia (alkaline used to neutralize cavity fluid)
e) The ammonia neutralizes the acids in the tissue f) Therefore the pH of the tissues become alkaline
g) Because the ammonia present acts to neutralize formaldehyde there is a greater preservation demand during decomposition

A

CHANGES IN pH

34
Q

the separation of compounds into simpler substances by the action of microbial and or autolytic enzymes

A

DECOMPOSITION

35
Q

Types of decomposition

A

i) PROTEOLYSIS
ii) LIPOLYSIS
iii) FERMENTATION
iv) SACCHORLYSIS
v) HYDROLYSIS
vi) AUTOLYSIS

36
Q

decomposition of protein; any type of protein occur in the presence or absence of oxygen

A

PROTEOLYSIS

(1) PUTREFACTION
(2) DECAY

37
Q

decomposition of proteins by the action of enzymes from anaerobic (absence of free O2) bacteria; named for horrific/foul smell; advances much quicker than the form of proteolysis that occurs in the presence of oxygen; occurs more than decay.

A

PUTREFACTION

38
Q

decomposition of proteins by enzymes of aerobic (the presence of free O2) bacteria

A

DECAY

39
Q

the decomposition of fat

A

LIPOLYSIS

1) ADIPOCERE (GRAVE WAX

40
Q

white crumbly; formed as result of lipolysis. Begins within days of death and becomes visible in about 3 months. It will prevent decomposition under that layer

A

ADIPOCERE (GRAVE WAX)

41
Q

the bacterial decomposition of carbohydrates

A

FERMENTATION

42
Q

the decomposition of sugars or carbohydrates

A

SACCHORLYSIS

43
Q

key method decomposition occurs for protein fat sugars; a reaction in which water is one of the reactants and compounds are often broken down.

A

HYDROLYSIS

44
Q

self destruction of cells, decomposition of all tissues by enzymes of their own formulations without microbial assistance

A

AUTOLYSIS

(1) LYSOSOMES

45
Q

cell organelle that contains digestive enzymes in autolysis. When the pH of the tissue becomes acidic it causes the lysosomes to rupture (triggers release of lysosomes).
In the presence of water, the released enzymes begin to digest carbohydrates, protein and fats. Special structures that contain autolytic enzymes

A

LYSOSOMES

46
Q

a) Putrescine - largely responsible for the foul odor of putrefying flesh
b) Cadaverine - largely responsible for the foul odor of putrefying flesh
c) Indie
d) Skatole-occurs naturally in feces and has a strong fecal odor

A

PTOMAINS PRODUCES

47
Q

END PRODUCTS OF DECOMPOSITON

a) Carbon dioxide CO2
b) Water H2O
c) AmmoniaNH3
d) Hydrogen H
e) Hydrogen Sulfide H2S
f) Nitrogen N
g) Methane CH4
h) Phosphoric Acid
i) Sulfuric Acid

A

ORDER OF DECOMP - BODY COMPOUNDS

a) Carbohydrates
b) Protein
c) Fats
d) Bones
e) Does NOT change if body is embalmed or not

48
Q

ORDER OF DECOMP - BODY ORGANS

a) First-Lining membrane of the trachea and larynx
i) Except for the brain of an infant and the pregnant uterus
b) Last – non-pregnant uterus or large blood vessels

A

FACTORS GOVERNING DECOMPOSITION
Intrinsic – within the body
i) Corpulence – having an abnormal amount of fat on the body
ii) Cause and manner of death – infectious diseases, faster
iii) Age – infants and elderly decompose faster than adults
iv) Amount of bacteria present in and on the body v) Sex
vi) Pharmaceutical agents

49
Q 
FACTORS GOVERNING DECOMPOSITION
Extrinsic – outside the body 
i) Temperature
     (1) Optimum – 98 to 100 F 
     (2) Minimum – 32 F 
     (3) Maximum – 120 F
ii) Humidity – warm moist air will accelerate decomposition 
iii) Bacterial and parasitic 
iv) Vermin, including maggots, rats and lice
A

Post Mortem Physical Changes Review

  1. Algor Mortis
  2. Hypostasis
  3. Livor Mortis
  4. Dehydration
  5. Increase in viscosity
  6. Imbibition
50
Q

Post Mortem Chemical Changes Review

  1. Post Mortem Stain
  2. Post Mortem Caloricity
  3. Rigor Mortis
  4. Change in pH
  5. Decomposition
A

1

51
Q

Signs of Decomposition:

A
  1. Color change:
  2. Odor: penetrating, nauseating
  3. Purge:
  4. Accumulation of gas in the viscera cavities and other body tissue
  5. Desquamation (skin slip):
52
Q

first external sign of decomposition is (greenish discoloration) over the lower right quadrant of the abdomen

A

Color change:

53
Q

the post mortem evacuation of any substance from an external body orifice as a result of pressure

A

Purge:

54
Q

a separation of the epidermis from the underlying dermis, resulting in a sloughing of the epidermis

A

Desquamation (skin slip):

55
Q

Products of Decomposition

A

Protein - amino acids (building blocks of protein) Fats - fatty acids
Carbohydrates - simple sugars
Ptomaines - result from the breaking down of amino acids

Embalming 1 (8 decks)

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