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My CP 1 > Embryo 3 > Flashcards

Embryo 3 Flashcards

(48 cards)

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1
Q

What day does the heart first beat?

A

22

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2
Q

What does splanchnic mesoderm produce?

A

ALL the HEART

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3
Q

What does angioblastic tissue produce?

A

blood vessels

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4
Q

Primary Heart Fields: origin, purpose

A
  • formed due to mesoderm migration during gastrulation
  • develop into L/R atria, and L ventricle
  • established in cranial end of embryo
  • aka cardiogenic cord
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5
Q

Secondary Heart Fields: origin, purpose

A
  • formed from pharyngeal arches

- develop into R ventricle, outflow tract, and part of atria (venous pole)

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6
Q

Outflow tract eventually becomes…

A

aorta and pulmonary trunk

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7
Q

Mesentery

A
  • double layer of splanchnic mesoderm

- provides route for BVs, lymphatics, and nerves to get to/from organs

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8
Q

What happens to the endocardial heart tubes during lateral folding?

A

they fuse together

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9
Q

What is: endocardium? myocardium? epicardium? What are they all made from?

A
  1. internal endothelial lining
  2. muscular wall
  3. outer covering of heart (visceral pericardium)
  4. Splanchnic mesoderm
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10
Q

What forms when the dorsal mesentery degenerates?

A

transverse pericardial sinus–>separates outflow tract form venous flow

*dorsal mesentery connects the heart to the posterior body wall

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11
Q

What is the path of the NC cells to help form specific heart structures?

A
  1. originate in the myelencephalon (medulla) 2. migrate thru pharyngeal arches 3, 4, & 6
  2. end in the aorticopulmonary septa (separates outflow tract) and trunks arteriorsus
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12
Q

What four things regulate cardiac NC migration/differentiation?

A

Retinoic acid, Hot genes, Nf-1, and Pax 3

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13
Q

Primitive divisions include…

A
  1. Truncus arterioles and bulbus cordis (outflow tract)
  2. Ventricle and atrium
  3. Sinus Venosus (embryo veins bring blood to the heart)
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14
Q

What causes formation of the Bulboventricular loop?

A
  • the fast growth of the bulbus cordis and ventricles
  • the heart bends on itself
  • right folding is normal
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15
Q

What is Dextrocardia?

A
  • heart folding to the left

- if the abdomen is opposite as well, there are no problems (situs inversus)

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16
Q

Septation events start and end

A

mid 4th week and 8th week

*septation events happen all at the same time

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17
Q

What is the origin of endocardial (AV) cushions? Their purpose?

A
  • mesodermal growth from the dorsal and ventral walls
  • invaded in wk 5 by mesenchyme
  • they will grow together to form R/L AV canals
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18
Q

Formation remodeling of the AV cushions is dependent on ____

A

retinoic acid

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19
Q

Anything smooth comes from the…

A

sinus venosus

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20
Q

What does the right horn of the sinus venosus give rise to?

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Sinus centrum
  2. Orifices of superior and inferior vena cava veins
  3. Orifice of coronary sinus
21
Q

What does the left horn of sinus venosus become?

Study These Flashcards
A

coronary sinus

22
Q

What muscular valves are on either side of the sinuatrial orifice? How do they fuse?

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A
  • left and right sinuatrial valves
  • both fuse cranially with septum spurious
  • the right fuses cranially to form the crista terminalis, and caudally to form the valve of coronary sinus, and most of the valve of the inferior VC
23
Q

Septum primum vs. Septum secundum

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A
  1. 2 foramen (ostium)
    a. Foramen primum: shunt between R/L atrium; disappears when endocardial cushions fuse
    b. Foramen secundum: forms before foramen primun disappears; ensures shunting
  2. Overlaps septum primum
    a. Foramen ovale

*leads to shunt from R to L atrium

24
Q

In embryonic life, when does the patent foramen ovale fuse? In fetal life?

Study These Flashcards
A

Trick question: it does not fuse in either

25
What is the role of the inter ventricular septum in ventricle septation?
-muscular portion migrates up, but doesn't make it all the way leaving an inter ventricular foramen
26
Bulbar ridges are also called...
conotruncal ridges
27
Aorticopulmonary septum
- NC derived - divides bulbus cordis and truncus arteriosus into ascending aorta, and pulmonary trunk - fuses with endocardial cushion
28
Incorporated bulbus cordis forms...
Right: conus arteriosus (infundibulum) Left: aortic vestibule
29
What events lead to the formation of the membranous portion of the inter ventricular septum?
- complete fusion of the right and left bulbar ridges with endocardial cushion results in disappearance of the inter ventricular foramen - functions to separate L + R ventricles, and L Ventricle from R atrium
30
Formation of Semilunar Valve
1. Begins once the partition of truncus arteriosus is nearly complete 2. Between bulbus cordis + truncus arteriousus 3. Valve swellings -- blood hits the wall 4. Erosion to cusps * AV valves form in the same process
31
Cyanotic
right to left shunt
32
Acyanotic
no shunt or left to right shunt
33
No shunt
anomalies of aortic arches; coarctation of aorta
34
Patent Ductus Arteriorsus (PDA)
1. Acyanotic 2. Does not close due to low O2 content, and circulating PGE2 (mediated by COX-2) 3. treatment: Cox-2 inhibitors 4. Characteristics: continuous murmur; large defects include poor eating, rapid HR...
35
Persistent Ductus Arteriosus
-high BP blood in aorta goes into pulmonary trunk--> pulmonary HT, which can damage lungs
36
Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)
1. Acyanotic 2. a. Ostium secondum: includes patent foramen ovale, very common, due to excessive cell death and resorption of septum primum, or by inadequate development of septum primum b. Probe patent foramen ovale: common; incomplete adhesion b/t foramen ovale and septum secundum after birth c. Ostium primum: septum primum doesn't fuse w/ endocardial cushions; associated with mitral valve cleft * Hallmark: fixed, split S2 * *Kids with Down Syndrome often have this
37
Ventricle Septal Defects
1. Acyanotic | 2. NC problem; no membranous portion because buds didn't fuse
38
AV Septal Defects: Complete vs. Partial
1. Complete: characterized by primum ASD that is contiguous with a VSD, and a common AV valve 2. Partial: characterized by a primum ASD, and a single AV valve annulus with 2 separate valve orifices (anterior leaflet of the mitral valve typically is cleft)
39
AV Septal Defect
1. Acyanotic 2. Endocardial cushions do not fuse 3. 20% of people with Down Syndrome are affected
40
"Corrected" Transposition of the Great Vessels
1. Acyanotic | 2, Improper septation of outflow tract; reverse rotation of heart
41
Transposition of the Great Vessels
1. Cyanotic 2. Improper spiraling of NC 3. Great vessels from "wrong" ventricles; septal defects; PDA
42
Double Outlet Right Ventricle
1. Cyanotic 2. Abnormal migration of bulbar ridges during septation; muscular portion is misaligned 3. Great vessels from "right ventricle"; ventricular septal defect in most cases
43
Truncus Arteriosus
1. Cyanotic 2. NC - absence of bulbar and truncal ridges to form/migrate to the midline 3. Single great vessel; inter ventricular septal defect
44
Tetralogy of Fallot
1. Cyanotic 2. Abnormal septation of outflow tract 3. Pulmonary stenosis; inter ventricular septal defects; over-riding aorta; right ventricle hypertrophy *very serious, and very common
45
Critical =
Cyanotic
46
Critical Pulmonary Stenosis
1. Cyanotic | 2. Cusps of pulmonary valves are fused or thickened
47
Critical Aortic Stenosis
1. Cyanotic | 2. Tachypnea, poor feeding, poor perfusion, may lead to hypoplastic left heart syndrome
48
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome
1. Cyanotic (no left ventricle) 2. Mitral valve stenosis or atresia; left ventricle hypo plastic; aortic valve stenosis or atresia; aortic arch hypoplastic

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