EMBRYO FINALS Flashcards by SALI BABY

A 27-year-old mother underwent ultrasound at 7 months’ gestation. The results showed that there is an excessive amount of amniotic fluid. What are the other congenital malformations that may accompany this condition?

anencephaly

renal agenesis

lung hypoplasia

esophageal atresias

1st & 4th choices only

2nd & 3rd choices only

All of the above

Other:

1st & 4th choices only

( anencephaly and esophageal atresias)

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The lateral ventricles of the cerebral hemispheres connect with the third ventricle via:

Canal of Rodelsa

Interventricular foramina of Monro

Foremen of Lusckha

Aqueduct of Sylvius

Foramen magnum

Interventricular foramina of Monro

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In vitro fertilization (IVF) involves fertilizing eggs in a culture médium and placing them in the uterus at the ____.

four-cell stage

eight-cell stage

twelve-cell stage

sixteen-cell stage

eight-cell stage

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Which of these findings would most likely be seen in the first trimester of Ectopic Pregnancy than in Normal Pregnancy?

lack of menstrual period

abdominal pain

vaginal bleeding

empty uterus

2nd & 4th choices only

all of the above choices

Other:

2nd & 4th choices only

(abdominal pain and empty uterus)

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This limb defect is characterized by shortening, bowing, and hypomineralization of the long bones of the limbs that can result in fractures and blue sclera. *

Holt-Oram Syndrome

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

Club Foot

Marfan Syndrome

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

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All laryngeal muscles are innervated by which nerve? *

Tenth cranial nerve

Vagus nerve

Both

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It refers to the bridging of the placenta across the internal os of the uterus during implantation:

placenta increta

placenta accreta

placenta percreta

placenta previa

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It refers to the two breaks occuring on the either side of the centromere (i.e. q & p arms).

pericentric

paracentric

metacentric

acrocentric

pericentric

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large head, short extremities, short fingers, and protruding abdomen

Plagiocephaly

Achondroplasia

Microcephaly

cleidocranial dysostosis

thanatophoric dwarfism type II

Achondroplasia

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small head with failure of brain to grow

Plagiocephaly

Achondroplasia

Microcephaly

cleidocranial dysostosis

thanatophoric dwarfism type II

Microcephaly

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cloverleaf skull

Plagiocephaly

Achondroplasia

Microcephaly

cleidocranial dysostosis

thanatophoric dwarfism type II

thanatophoric dwarfism type II

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premature closure of the coronal suture on one side of the skull

Plagiocephaly

Achondroplasia

Microcephaly

cleidocranial dysostosis

thanatophoric dwarfism type II

Plagiocephaly

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delayed closure of fontanelles with missing clavicles

Plagiocephaly

Achondroplasia

Microcephaly

cleidocranial dysostosis

thanatophoric dwarfism type II

cleidocranial dysostosis

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Occurs in 1 per 20,000 individuals and is characterized by absence of the pectoralis minor and partial loss of the pectoralis major muscles.

Muscular dystrophy

Prune belly syndrome

Becker muscular dystrophy

Poland sequence

Poland sequence

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Which of the following specifies the large intestine and rectum

CDXA

PDX1

SOX2

CDXQ

CDXA

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A newborn infant had difficulty on breathing and was diagnosed to have diaphragmatic hernia. His abdominal contents have herniated through the defect into the thoracic cavity, and as a result, the infant suffers from pulmonary hypoplasia. This defect is due to?

Late division of Septum transversum

Persistence of the pleuroperitoneal membrane

Incomplete maturation of the pleuropericardial membrane

Epithelial –Mesenchymal discordance

Failure of Tracheo-esophageal ridge to divide

Incomplete maturation of the pleuropericardial membrane

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Key factors that regulate growth and patterning of the limbs along the antero-posterior axis are:

WNT signals from the neural tube

FGFs from the AER Apical Ectodermal Ridge, of the limb buds

SHH from the ZPA Zone of Polarizing Activity, of the limb buds

BMPs in the ventral ectoderm of the limb buds

All of the above

SHH from the ZPA Zone of Polarizing Activity, of the limb buds

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Smooth muscles in the coronary arteries are derived from:

Lateral plate mesoderm and neural crests

Somatic layer of lateral plate mesoderm

Splanchnic layer of lateral plate mesoderm

Proepicardial cells and neural crest

Neural crest alone

Proepicardial cells and neural crest

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What is the most common congenital cardiac malformation?

Valvular Stenosis

Ventral Septal Defects

Common Truncus Arteriosus

Tetralogy of Fallot

Ventral Septal Defects

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Which of these statements is TRUE regarding embryonic hematopoiesis:

liver, is major hematopoietic organ from second to seventh months of development.

bone marrow, is definitive blood-forming tissue, from seventh month of gestation onwards

aortagonad-mesonephros región, generator of hematopoietic stem cells prior to 8weeks

1st & 2nd choices only

All

1st & 2nd choices only

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The presence of this prenatal chemical induces production of interleukin-1b which initiates uterine contraction

surfactant diffusion into the amniotic fluid and activates the macrophages

presence of amniotic fluid in the fetal lung

presence of meconium in the amniotic fluid

fetal movement produces interleukin-alpha (IL1-) that activates the macrophage to cross into the chorion.

All of the above

surfactant diffusion into the amniotic fluid and activates the macrophages

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The remaining alveoli are formed during the first _______ of postnatal life.

11 years

10 years

16 years

12 years

10 years

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A premature female infant is born at 25 weeks AOG and develops rapid, labored breathing shortly after birth. She was immediately given assisted ventilation and was diagnosed with Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Which of the following is most likely deficient in the infant?

Type 2 alveolar cells

Diaphragmatic hernia

Lung surfactant

Type 1 alveolar cells

Terminal saccules

Lung surfactant

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Which of the following regulates the positioning of the limbs along the craniocaudal axis in the flank regions of embryo?

HOX GENES

FBGF10

TBX5

Option

HOX GENES

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The tubotympanic recess widens and gives rise to the Primitive Tympanic Cavity Eustachian Tube Auditory Tube

**Primitive Tympanic Cavity**

Expression of these genes blocks apoptosis of mesenchymal cells and stimulates proliferation in the metanephric mesenchyme. (1) PAX2 , (2) FGF2, (3) WNT9b, (4)BMP7, (5) HOX-4/11, (6) GDNF. 1 point 1 and 4 only 2 and 4 only 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6 only All of the choices

2 and 4 only FGF2 BMP7

Which of the following is/are TRUE regarding the rotation of the limbs during the 7th week of gestation? 1. Upper and lower limbs are similar except the lower limb is approximately 1-2 days behind compared to the upper limb 2. Upper limbs rotate 900 laterally while Lower limbs rotate 900 medially 3. The upper limb makes the extensor muscles lie on the lateral and posterior surface, thumbs lie laterally, 4. The lower limb makes the extensor muscles on the anterior surface and the big toe medially. 5. Upper limb rotates 900 radially so that extensor muscles lie on the radial and anterior surface, thumbs lie posteriorly. 1st & 5th choices only 2nd, 3rd, & 4th choices only All of the above

**2nd, 3rd, & 4th choices only**

Ring Chromosomes epilepsy **ring chromosome 13** **ring chromosome 20** **ring chromosome 15**

**ring chromosome 20**

Ring Chromosomes mental retardation, dwarfism and microcephaly ring chromosome 13 ring chromosome 20 ring chromosome 15

ring chromosome 15

Ring Chromosomes mental retardation and dysmorphic facial features ring chromosome 13 ring chromosome 20 ring chromosome 15

ring chromosome 13

Bone Defects from Gene Mutations: EFNB1 Saethre-Chotzen syndrome coronal suture synostosis and hypertelorism craniosynostosis and several forms of skeletal dysplasia. Boston-type craniosynostosis

coronal suture synostosis and hypertelorism

Bone Defects from Gene Mutations: MSX2 Saethre-Chotzen syndrome coronal suture synostosis and hypertelorism craniosynostosis and several forms of skeletal dysplasia. Boston-type craniosynostosis

Boston-type craniosynostosis

Bone Defects from Gene Mutations: TWIST1 Saethre-Chotzen syndrome coronal suture synostosis and hypertelorism craniosynostosis and several forms of skeletal dysplasia. Boston-type craniosynostosis

Saethre-Chotzen syndrome

Craniofacial Defects and Skeletal Dysplasias: fused cervical vertebrae with short neck and reduced mobility Klippel-Feil sequence Pectus carinatum spina bifida cystica Pectus excavatum

Klippel-Feil sequence

Craniofacial Defects and Skeletal Dysplasias: flattening of the chest bilaterally with an anteriorly projecting sternum Klippel-Feil sequence Pectus carinatum spina bifida cystica Pectus excavatum

Pectus carinatum

Craniofacial Defects and Skeletal Dysplasias: neural tube fails to close, vertebral arches fail to form, and neural tissue is exposed. Klippel-Feil sequence Pectus carinatum spina bifida cystica Pectus excavatum Spina bifida occulta

spina bifida cystica

Craniofacial Defects and Skeletal Dysplasias: depressed sternum that is sunken posteriorly Klippel-Feil sequence Pectus carinatum spina bifida cystica Pectus excavatum Spina bifida occulta

Pectus excavatum

Craniofacial Defects and Skeletal Dysplasias: imperfect fusión of bony vertebral arches covered by skin, intact spinal cord, with no neurological déficits Klippel-Feil sequence Pectus carinatum spina bifida cystica Pectus excavatum Spina bifida occulta

Spina bifida occulta

Effect/s of situs inversus on the physiological function: respiratory distress syndrome no medical symptoms or complications intestinal malabsorption liver & heart failure

**no medical symptoms or complications**

Which of the following causes inhibition of cardiac development? Expression of NKX2.5. WTN proteins (3a and 8 ) Expression of fibroblast growth factor 8 All of the above

**WTN proteins (3a and 8 )**

Inherited causes of scoliosis include: two successive vertebrae may fuse asymmetrically half a vertebra could be missing degenerative changes of the half of spine 1st & 2nd choices only 2nd & 3rd choices only All of the above

**1st & 2nd choices only** two successive vertebrae may fuse asymmetrically half a vertebra could be missing

Removal of the AER apical ectodermal ridge will result to: Regeneration of the entire limb bud from the underlying mesoderm Formation of structures proximal to AER, but no formation of new distal structures Regeneration of a new AER from adjacent epidermal tissue Degeneration of the limb bud Continued development in the progress zone after induction precedes removal of AER

**Formation of structures proximal to AER, but no formation of new distal structures**

This is characterized by Wilms tumor, aniridia, gonadoblastomas, and mental retardation, and is due to a microdeletion in chromosome 11 that includes both the PAX6 and WT1 genes that are only 700 kb apart. WAGR syndrome Potter Sequence Multicystic dysplastic kidney Congenital polycystic kidney disease

**WAGR syndrome**

Analyze the karyotypes of these specimens & Determine the disease of this patient. Klinefelter syndrome = 47, XXY Edward's syndrome = 47,XY,+18 (trisomy 18) Patau syndrome, = 47,XY,+13 (trisomy 13) Down syndrome = 47,XY,+21(trisomy 21)

Edward's syndrome = 47,XY,+18 (trisomy 18)

Transcription factor that specify esophagus and stomach? CDXC CDXA PDX1 SOX2

SOX2

Without fertilization, the oocyte usually degenerates ____ after ovulation. 30 mins 6 days 24 hours 3 days

**24 hours**

Human fingerprints are formed from ridges and hollows of which layer of the epidermis: Horny layer Germinative layer Corium Spinous layer Granular layer

**Germinative layer**

A condition where one or both testes fail to descend is called \_\_\_\_\_. Direct Inguinal Hernia Cryptorchidism Hydrocele Indirect Inguinal Hernia

**Cryptorchidism**

At the 5th month of life, the fetus can swallow an estimate of how many ml of amniotic fluid? 500 ml 200 ml 300 ml 400 ml 750 ml

**400 ml**

Which of the following correctly describes the sequence of events by which the position of the limbs along the antero-posterior axis is specified: HOX gene expression in the mesoderm activates WNT signaling, which turns on FGF expression and formation of the limb bud HOX gene expression in the mesoderm activates FGF signaling, which turns on WNT expression and formation of the limb bud HOX gene expression in the mesoderm activated WNT signaling, which activates FGF expression and formation of the limb bud WNT signaling activates HOX gene expression, which turns on FGF expression and formation of the limb bud FGF expression in the mesoderm activates WNT signaling, which turns on HOX gene expression and formation of the limb bud

**FGF expression in the mesoderm activates WNT signaling, which turns on HOX gene expression and formation of the limb bud**

The following statements refer to vernix caseosa EXCEPT: \* formed by secretions from sebaceous glands admixed with degenerated epidermal cells and hairs protects the skin against congenital infections whitish paste covering newborn skin

**protects the skin against congenital infections**

The phase when chiasmata are formed as random exchange of genetic material occurs between homologous Chromosomes Diakinesis Diplotene Pachytene Zygotene

**Pachytene**

The lateral plate component of mesoderm splits into \_\_\_\_\_. Ectoderm and Mesoderm Splanchnic and Somatic Splanchnic and Visceral Parietal and Somatic

**Splanchnic and Somatic**

The important diagnostic characteristic location of thyroglossal cysts Midline of the neck Posterior of pharyngeal region Lateral of sternocleidomastoid muscle Caudal of sternocleidomastoid muscle

**Midline of the neck**

What is the distal end of the cecal bud that forms a narrow diverticulum? \* appendix duodenum jejunum ileum

**appendix**

Near the oval window, the basilar membrane is attached by ¬¬¬¬\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ to the side of the cochlea; farther along the cochlea, the fibers are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. \* shorter and stiffer; longer and stiffer shorter and stiffer fibers; longer and more flexible longer and more flexible; shorter and stiffer longer and flexible; shorter and flexible

**shorter and stiffer fibers; longer and more flexible**

Sources of Dermis Derivative face and neck lateral plate mesoderm paraxial mesoderm neural crest cells

neural crest cells

Sources of Dermis Derivative limbs and body wall lateral plate mesoderm paraxial mesoderm neural crest cells

lateral plate mesoderm

Sources of Dermis Derivative back lateral plate mesoderm paraxial mesoderm neural crest cells

paraxial mesoderm

The pectinate line which delineates the endodermal and ectodermal region of the anal canal will undergo the following change in its lining epithelium: Simple columnar to stratified squamous Simple cubiodal to stratified squamous Simple squamous to stratified squamous Stratified squamous to simple columnar

**Simple columnar to stratified squamous**

Derivatives of skull bones: laryngeal bone paraxial mesoderm neural crest cells lateral plate mesoderm

lateral plate mesoderm

Derivatives of skull bones: frontal bone paraxial mesoderm neural crest cells lateral plate mesoderm

neural crest cells

Meckel cartilage condenses, ossifies and give rise to the following organ: maxilla zygomatic bone mandible temporal bone

**mandible**

What is a genetically determined eye abnormality of many children born to mothers who had Rubella between the fourth and seventh weeks of pregnancy that causes the lens to become opaque during intrauterine life? Congenital Cataracts Synophthalmia Aniridia Coloboma

**Congenital Cataracts**

Rare abnormality maybe caused by fetal infections. Duplication of the fall bladder Intra hepatic biliary atresia Extra hepatic biliary atresia Accessory hepatic ducts

**Intra hepatic biliary atresia**

The normal umbilical cord has: 1 artery, 1 vein 2 arteries, 1 vein 2 veins, 1 artery 2 arteries, 2 veins 1 artery, 1 vein, 2 capillaries

**2 arteries, 1 vein**

A 10 year old male has 2 extra digits medial to both big toes of the feet. During development, there is truncation of the posterior elements with preservation of anterior elements, the most likely cause of these defects is: failure of neural crest cell migration and/or differentiation. loss of the Zone of Polarizing Activity in the developing limb duplication of the Zone of Polarizing Activity in the developing limb. loss or disruption of signaling from the Apical Ectodermal Ridge in the developing limb. loss or disruption of signaling from the Ventral Ectoderm in the developing limb

loss or disruption of signaling from the Apical Ectodermal Ridge in the developing limb. ???

The nucleus of Edinger-Westphal is found in: Alar plate of Metencephalon Basal plate of myelencephalon Alar plate of myelencephalon Basal plate of the mesencephalon Alar plate of the mesencephalon

**Basal plate of the mesencephalon**

How will you counsel the following parents on the probability of producing abnormalities in their children? ## Footnote 0% sons, all carrier daughters 0% sons, 100% daughters 100% sons, 0% daughters 100% sons, 100% daughters 50% sons, half carrier daughters 50% sons, 50% daughters

**100% sons, 100% daughters**

VENTRAL BODY WALL DEFECTS Intestines have herniated through the abdominal wall to the right of the umbilicus. Gastroschisis Cloacal exstrophy Omphalocele

Gastroschisis

VENTRAL BODY WALL DEFECT Occurs when a portion of the gut tube fails to return to the abdominal cavity following its normal herniation into the umbilical cord. Gastroschisis Cloacal exstrophy Omphalocele

Omphalocele

VENTRAL BODY WALL DEFECTS Most of pelvic region failed to close, exposing the bladder, part of rectum, and anal canal. Gastroschisis Cloacal exstrophy Omphalocele

Cloacal exstrophy

Mesenchyme surrounding the cochlear duct soon differentiates into cartilage. In the 10TH week, this cartilaginous shell undergoes vacuolization, resulting to the formation of the following: scala vestibuli scala media scala tympani scala cochlea 1st & 3rd choices only 2nd & 4th choices only All of the above

**1st & 3rd choices only**

Is the absence of the eye, in some cases, histological analysis reveals some ocular tissue. The defect is usually accompanied by severe cranial abnormalities. Microphthalmia Synophthalmia Aniridia Anophthalmia

**Anophthalmia**

CREATION THEORY Moon **4th day (Wed)** **7th day (Sat)** **5th day (Thurs)** **6th day (Fri)**

**4th day (Wed)**

CREATION THEORY Creator rested & blessed the day 4th day (Wed) 7th day (Sat) 5th day (Thurs) 6th day (Fri)

7th day (Sat)

CREATION THEORY Woman 4th day (Wed) 7th day (Sat) 5th day (Thurs) 6th day (Fri)

6th day (Fri)

CREATION THEORY marine creatures 4th day (Wed) 7th day (Sat) 5th day (Thurs) 6th day (Fri)

5th day (Thurs)

The following statements are TRUE of Complete Mole: caused by a single sperm combining with an egg which has lost its DNA. caused by two sperms combining with an egg which has lost its DNA. caused by a single sperm combining with 2 eggs that have joined their DNA. 1st & 2nd choices only 2nd & 3rd choices only All of the above

1st & 2nd choices only

In the development of the nails, the nail fields grow in this direction to form the nail roots & become the nails. proximally distally anteriorly laterally Other:

proximally

Originally, the correct accounting of one DAY is the starts at 12 midnight till next day time starts from morning (daytime) to evening (midnight) starts at daylight till sunset of same day starts from evening (sunset) to next morning (daytime)

starts from evening (sunset) to next morning (daytime)

Parts of Bilaminar Germ Disc: extraembryonic mesoderm lining the inside of the cytotrophoblast **chorionic cavity** **exocoelomic cysts** **amniotic cavity** **extraembryonic mesoderm**

**chorionic cavity**

Parts of Bilaminar Germ Disc: a small cavity within the epiblast **chorionic cavity** **exocoelomic cysts** **amniotic cavity** **extraembryonic mesoderm**

**amniotic cavity**

Parts of Bilaminar Germ Disc: pinched off from exocoelomic cavity **chorionic cavity** **exocoelomic cysts** **amniotic cavity** **extraembryonic mesoderm**

**exocoelomic cysts**

Parts of Bilaminar Germ Disc: fine, loose connective tissue, filling space between the trophoblast externally and the amnion and exocoelomic membrane internally. **chorionic cavity** **exocoelomic cysts** **amniotic cavity** **extraembryonic mesoderm**

**extraembryonic mesoderm**

Organ Positioning: normal arrangement of internal organs **situs inversus** **situs solitus** **situs ambiguus or heterotaxy,**

**situs solitus**

Organ Positioning: major visceral organs are reversed or mirrored from their normal position **situs inversus** **situs solitus** **situs ambiguus or heterotaxy**

**situs inversus**

Organ Positioning: liver midline, spleen absent or multiple, bowel malrotated **situs inversus** **situs solitus** **situs ambiguus or heterotaxy**

**situs ambiguus or heterotaxy**

What is the most common congenital malformation of the head and neck region? \* Unilateral cleft lip Thyroglossal duct cyst Ankyloglossia Anterior cleft palate Posterior cleft palate

Unilateral cleft lip

This/These hormone(s) stimulate(s) the paramesonephric duct to develop into main genital ducts of the female: Mullerian Inhibitory Substance Testosterone Estrogen Progesterone 1st & 3rd choices only 2nd & 4th choices only All of the above

**1st & 3rd choices only (estrogen and MIS)**

What is the key regulatory gene for eye development? \* SOX2 PAX6 SHH CHX10

PAX6

The fetus starts to produce urine when the excretory unit has differentiated which is approximately at what age of gestation? 4th week 8th week 6th week 5th week 10th week

**10th week**

The following are true of Gastrulation EXCEPT the process that establishes all three germ layers in the embryo. begins with formation of the primitive streak on the surface of the hypoblast. starts on a 15- to 16-day embryo the most characteristic event occurring during the third week of gestation

**begins with formation of the primitive streak on the surface of the hypoblast. [epiblast]**

Most common occurring abnormality of the conotruncal region due to unequal division of the conus from anterior displacement of the conotruncal septum Tetralogy of Fallot Valvular stenosis of the pulmonary artery Transposition of the great vessels Persistent truncus arteriosus DiGeorge sequence

**Tetralogy of Fallot**

A 9-month old male infant presents to the orthopedic clinic with absence of arm-forearm. The mother reports having been in excellent health and not taking any medication at any point during her pregnancy, and she similarly denies alcohol and tobacco use either before or during her pregnancy. However, she does mention that she has a cousin and a great aunt who had upper limb defects. Based on the history, you strongly suspect that this family most likely harbors a mutation that results in the loss or disruption of what class of genes? BMP genes (e.g. BMP4) FGF genes (e.g. FGF8) HOX genes (e.g. HOXA10) WNT genes HEDGEHOG genes (e.g. SHH)

**HOX genes (e.g. HOXA10)**

A term newborn male has coughing, choking, and cyanosis prior to feeding. A nasogastric tube is placed and meets resistance at 10cm. Prenatal history is significant for polyhydramnios. Which of the following is most likely to be found in this infant? \* Congenital heart defects Esophageal atresia Tracheoesophageal fistula Vertebral defects Anal atresia

**Tracheoesophageal fistula**

Mammary Gland Abnormalities: ## Footnote accessory nipples formation from persistence of fragments of the mammary line **Polythelia** **Polymastia**

**Polythelia**

Mammary Gland Abnormalities: remnant of the mammary line develops into a complete breast **Polythelia** **Polymastia**

**Polymastia**

In a double aortic arch, what structure surrounds the trachea and esophagus and commonly compresses these structures, causing difficulties in breathing and swallowing? Ligamentum arteriosum Aortic ring Vascular ring Vascular ligament

**Vascular ring**

It is a congenital disorder caused by the persistence of the lumen of the intraembryonic portion of the allantois. Urachal cyst Urachal Fistula Median umbilical ligament Urachal Sinus

**Urachal Fistula**

The major growth promoting factor during development before and after birth is? Insulin-like growth hormone Placental hormone Growth hormone Fibroblast growth factor Trophoblastic hormone

**Insulin-like growth hormone**

The most common cause of congenital hydrocephalus is: Maternal infection Aqueductal stenosis Failure of craniopore to close anencephaly TB of the brain

**Aqueductal stenosis**

At what age will the fetus start to have its own fingerprint? \* 4months 3months 2months 5months

**4months**

In Arnold-Chiari malformation, usually which brain component herniates into the foramen magnum to cause the hydrocephalus? Cerebellum Pineal body Pons Medulla oblongata Cerebral hemispheres

**Cerebellum**

This heart defect occurs when there is mutation in the TBX5 gene and is characterized by preaxial limb abnormalities and ASDs. Hypoplastic heart syndrome Holt-Oram syndrome Tricuspid atresia Ebstein anomaly

Holt-Oram syndrome

Where do collecting ducts of permanent kidney develop from? Major Calyces Renal corpuscle Urogenital ridge Ureteric Bud

**Ureteric Bud**

Timing for Implantation site bleeding occurs at: near the 28th day of the next expected menstrual cycle around 13-14th day of gestation around 2months from last menstrual period 1st & 2nd choices only all of the above Other:

1st & 2nd choices only

Solid epithelial plate, occasionally persist until birth which causes congenital deafness. Auricle Incus Meatal plug Cochlea

**Meatal plug**

Analyze the karyotypes of these specimens & Determine the disease of this patient. Trisomy X= 47,XXX Cri du chat= 46,XY,del[5][p14.2] 47,XYY Turner syndrome (Monosomy X) = 45,X

**47,XYY**

The following gastrointestinal tract structures undergo developmental rotation except: midgut stomach ventral pancreas duodenum hindgut

**ventral pancreas**

What is the master gene for eye development? SHH SIX3 PAX6 PAX2

## Footnote **PAX6**

Which of the following statements about mammary gland is NOT TRUE? axilla is part of the mammary ridge mammary glands are modified sebaceous glands mammary ridges appear at 7 weeks and disappear before the mature breast tissue are developed at puberty, secretory cells and alveoli are developed at birth lactiferous ducts have no secretory apparatus

**mammary glands are modified sebaceous glands**

The transport of spermatozoa from the cervix to the uterine tube could last for \_\_\_: 3-24 hours 30 min - 6 days 3min – 3days

**30 min - 6 days**

During the _______ week, the lips of the ________ fuse, and the mouth of the optic cup becomes a round opening, the future \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. \* Seventh, choroid fissure, posterior chamber Seventh, choroid fissure, pupil Sixth, choroid fissure, anterior chamber Sixth, choroid fissure, pupil Seventh, lens placode, pupil

**Seventh, choroid fissure, pupil**

The testes reach the inguinal region by approximately \_\_\_\_\_, migrate through the inguinal canal by \_\_\_\_\_, and reach the scrotum by \_\_\_\_\_\_. 10 weeks; 25 weeks; 31 weeks 12 weeks; 24 weeks; 36 weeks 12 weeks; 28 weeks; 33 weeks 11 weeks; 22 weeks; 30 weeks 9 weeks; 24 weeks; 34 weeks

**12 weeks; 28 weeks; 33 weeks**

What is the most common ear ossicle to be involved in conductive hearing loss? Incus Stapes Malleus

**Stapes**

Cells of this layer are usually cast off during the second part of intrauterine life and can be found in the amniotic fluid. Periderm Mesoderm Endoderm Ectoderm Intermediate layer

**Periderm**

1 point A 7 week-old male was brought in to ER for projectile vomiting for 5 days. History revealed erythromycin medication for cough. Physical examination unmasked a palpable olive-shaped mass on the right side of the epigastrium, together with jaundice and of course, dehydration. His medical condition is called \_\_\_\_\_. Duplication of the gallbladder Biliary atresia Physiologic jaundice Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis Esophageal atresia with distal fistula distending the stomach

**Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis**

With the descent of the ovary, the first two parts develop into the uterine tube, and the caudal parts fuse to form the \_\_\_\_. Uterovesical pouch Uterorectal pouch Urogenital ridge Uterine canal

**Uterine canal**

nalyze the karyotypes of these specimens & Determine the disease of this patient. \* To prevent neural tube defects, what is the recommended dose of folic acid to prevent its incidence? 40 ug/day 4 ug/day 4000 ug/day 4 mg/day 400 ug/day

**400 ug/day**

Ultrasound revealed the presence of the right kidney in a 3-year old boy to be immediately anterior to the right common iliac artery. This congenital variation is called as \_\_\_\_\_\_. Exstrophy of the kidney Ectopic kidney **Pelvic Kidney** Horseshoe kidney

**Pelvic Kidney**

Analyze the karyotype of these specimen & Determine the disease of this patient. Trisomy X= 47,XXX Acute Myeloblastic Leukaemia = 46,XY,idem,del(6)(q14q22)[8] Prader Willi Syndrome = 45,XY,-15,der(19)t(15;19)(q13;13.3) Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome = 46, XY,4 [del(4)(p16)]

**Prader Willi Syndrome = 45,XY,-15,der(19)t(15;19)(q13;13.3)**

At this point in the development, herniated intestinal loops begin to return to the abdominal cavity. 10th week 7th week 6th week 12th week

**10th week**

This factor has been linked to promoting abnormal vessel growth like Hemangiomas: \* FGF2 EPHRINB2 insulin-like growth factor 2

insulin-like growth factor 2

Growth in length is striking during what age of gestation? 3rd month 4th month 5th month All of the above None of the above

**All of the above**

The use of thalidomide is regulated in pregnant patients due to associated limb defects. At what week of fetal development is most sensitive for such anomalies? 7-8 weeks 2-3 weeks 5-6 weeks 4-5 weeks 3-4 weeks

**4-5 weeks**

Analyze the karyotype of these specimen & Determine the disease of this patient. Klinefelter syndrome = 47, XXY Down syndrome = 47,XY,+21(trisomy 21) Patau syndrome, = 47,XY,+13 (trisomy 13) Edward's syndrome = 47,XY,+18 (trisomy 18)

**Down syndrome = 47,XY,+21(trisomy 21)**

Evaluate the Chromosomal Abnormalities: ## Footnote Triploid Inversion Translocation Deletion

Translocation

The vitelline duct with the yolk sac should degenerate during this period: between the second and third weeks of gestation between the third and fifth weeks of gestation between the second and third months of gestation. between the second and third trimester of gestation

**between the second and third months of gestation.**

A defect in the male genitalia where the fusion of the urethral folds is incomplete, and abnormal openings of the urethra occur along the inferior aspect of the penis, usually near the glans, along the shaft or near the base of the penis. Micropenis Epispadias Bifid penis Hypospadias

**Hypospadias**

Mutations in what gene result in aniridia and may also contribute to anophthalmia and microphthalmia? PAX2 PAX6 SHH HOX gene

**PAX6**

MOLECULAR REGULATIONS ## Footnote **lymphatic vessel differentiation** PROX1 NOTCH and WNT EPHRINB2

PROX1

MOLECULAR REGULATIONS: **establish the segmentation clock** PROX1 NOTCH and WNT EPHRINB2

NOTCH and WNT

MOLECULAR REGULATIONS: **specifies arterial development** PROX1 NOTCH and WNT EPHRINB2

EPHRINB2

The heart begins to beat during this period of development: 2nd week 5th week 3rd week 4th week

4th week

What do you call a spectrum of defects in which the eyes are partially or completely fused caused by a loss of midline tissue that may occur as early as days 19 to 21 of gestation or at later stages when facial development is initiated? Aniridia Synophthalmia Coloboma Congenital Cataracts

**Synophthalmia**

Infants usually have a triad of micrognathia, cleft palate, and glossoptosis. Occurs in aporoximately 1/8,500 births. Ectopic thymic tissue Robin sequence Internal branchial fistulas Treacher Collins syndrome

**Robin sequence**

The fibrous protein that is responsible for the strength and water resistance of the skin Keratohyalin Chondroitin Collagen Elastin Keratin

**Keratin**

A bladder defect that if only a local area of the allantois persist, secretory activity of its lining results in cystic dilation. urachus fistula extrophy of cloaca **urachus cyst** urachus sinus

**urachus cyst**

Which of the following condition/s differentiate/s between Monozygotic and Dizygotic Twins? B B & c C A A & B

Which of the following pairing/s are correct? sclera : inner layer choroid : inner layer 1st & 3rd choices only sclera : outer layer All of the above 2nd & 4th choices only choroid : outer layer`

**2nd & 4th choices only**

A week old child was brought in to your clinic with an ambiguous genitalia. Physical examination revealed a painlesss abdominal tumor. Further work-up revealed acute renal failure secondary to the presence of a bilateral kidney tumor. What is likely the diagnosis? Potter Sequence Bardet-Biedl syndrome WAGR Syndrome Meckel-Gruber Syndrome Denys-Drash syndrome

**Denys-Drash syndrome**

Kidneys that are pushed so close together during passage through the arterial forl and lower poles fuse is a condition called\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Urachal cyst Accessory renal arteries Pelvic kidney disease **Horseshoe kidney**

**Horseshoe kidney**

CORRELATE EMBRYO AGE AS TO CROWN RUMP LENGTH 5-8mm 5 weeks 8 weeks 6 weeks

5 weeks

CORRELATE EMBRYO AGE AS TO CROWN RUMP LENGTH 28-30mm 5 weeks 8 weeks 6 weeks

8 weeks

CORRELATE EMBRYO AGE AS TO CROWN RUMP LENGTH 10-14mm 5 weeks 8 weeks 6 weeks

6 weeks

Disruption of this particular target tissue during cardiac embryogenesis results in restrictions to cardiac looping forming dextrocardia Secondary Heart field Conotruncus Aortic arches Primary heart field Heart tube

**Heart tube**

A trisomy of this chromosome is the most commonly detected trisomy in spontaneous abortus tissue 18 13 16 21

The length of pregnancy is exactly _________ days after the onset of LMP 266 280 288 320 268

**280**

At the completion of Meiosis II, how many polar bodies are produced in total during Oogenesis? 3 1 4 2

Continuous lengthening of the excretory tubule results in the formation of the following, except? Loop of Henle Distal convoluted tubule Proximal convoluted tubule Bowman’s capsule

**Bowman’s capsule**

This muscle abnormality is associated with brachydactyl and syndactyl digits and is characterized by absence of truncal muscles Prune belly syndrome Muscular dystrophy Poland sequence Congenital muscular atrophy Duchenne muscle dystrophy

**Poland sequence**

Congenital absence of the neural crest cells could result in Absence of sympathetic chain ganglia Facial malformations Absence of adrenal medulla Absence of pigment cells **All of the above are correct**

**All of the above are correct**

The following statements refer to the growth and formation of membranous bones EXCEPT: simultaneous osteoclastic resorption from the inside. characterized by the presence of needle-like bone spicules. membranous bones enlarge by apposition of new layers on the inner surface. spicules progressively radiate from primary ossification centers toward the periphery.

**membranous bones enlarge by apposition of new layers on the inner surface.**

Syndactyly is caused by Excessive apoptosis Incorrect rotation of the limbs Absence of apoptosis Failure of AER to differentiate None of the above

**Absence of apoptosis**

A 40 – year old G0P0 female came to a fertility clinic for artificial insemination. After the procedure, she was positive for pregnancy. At 6 months age of gestation, the mother had a premature labor and gave birth to stillborn twins. One twin was notably much bigger and more developed than the other twin. What condition explains this pregnancy outcome? Conjoined twins Twin – twin transfusion Single umbilical artery Vanishing twin

**Twin – twin transfusion**

A 35-year-old mother who is D (Rh) – negative prematurely gave birth to a stillborn child. The child was noted to be anemic and grossly edematous. The following statements are true regarding this condition: This condition is caused by maternal antibody response against fetal blood cells of a D (Rh) – positive child. The fetus has the condition called fetal Hydrops. This condition can be treated by Rh immunoglobulin at 28 weeks’ gestation. 1st & 2nd choices only. All of the above.

**All of the above.**

A 1 month-old infant was brought in for abdominal enlargement and explosive diarrhea. Xray shows dilated proximal sigmoid colon. Which of the following statements regarding Hirschsprung’s disease is true: This is caused by failed expression of SHH to secrete your HOX gene, which initiates neural crest migration to the bowel wall It mostly affects the entire colon Absence of parasympathetic ganglia in the distal sigmoid colon Failure of urorectal septum to rupture Absence of sympathetic ganglia in the proximal sigmoid colon

**Absence of parasympathetic ganglia in the distal sigmoid colon**

It is from where the muscular part of the diaphragm is derived. Myoblasts and somites Myoblasts from somites at cervical segments 3-5 Myoblasts

**Myoblasts from somites at cervical segments 3-5**

It is a testis-determining factor, under its influence male development occurs, and its absence, female development is established. X chromosome XY chromosome complex SRY protein Tunica albuginea Y chromosome

**SRY protein**

The a-fetoprotein [AFP] concentrations in maternal serum and the amniotic fluid are elevated in: Omphalocele gastroschisis both

**both**

Intervertebral disc is formed by the following: central annulus fíbrosus, surrounded by circular fibers of nucleus pulposus. central nucleus pulposus, surrounded by circular fibers of annulus fíbrosus. peripheral nucleus pulposus, lying beside fibers of annulus fíbrosus. central nucleus pulposus, fused with myotomes.

**central nucleus pulposus, surrounded by circular fibers of annulus fíbrosus.**

Specification of the lymphatic lineage is regulated by this transcription factor PROX1 WNT14 VEGF3 All of the above

PROX1

This may be due to abnormalities of the hair cells or auditory nerve ganglia Sensorineural loss Treacher Collins syndrome Conductive hearing loss

**Sensorineural loss**

It’s the process of forming the brain and spinal cord. Brain Genesis Neurulation Neurogenesis Germination

**Neurulation**

The intervillous space contains all of the following substances EXCEPT: Oxygen Electrolytes Maternal blood cells Fetal blood Carbon dioxide

**Fetal blood**

Which gene specifically regulates the tooth patterning from incisors to molars? BMP FGF HOX SHH

**HOX**

EMBRYO FINALS Flashcards

(167 cards)