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IKK - Anatomy Exam 2 > Embryo: GI, Urinary, Pituitary > Flashcards

Embryo: GI, Urinary, Pituitary Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the cranial and caudal limits of the GI tract?

A

Cranial limit = oropharyngeal membrane

Caudal limit = cloacal membrane

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2
Q

Vitteline Duct

A

Temporary connection during lateral folding

Endoderm is incorporated as midgut through vitteline duct.

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3
Q

Omphaloenteric Duct

A

Another name for vitteline duct

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4
Q

How is endoderm incorporated into GI tract?

A

epithelial lining and glands of the GI tract

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5
Q

How is mesoderm incorporated into GI tract?

A

Splanchnic (visceral) mesoderm: smooth muscle and connective tissue of GI tract

During folding mesoderm forms peritoneal around gut tube

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6
Q

Intraperitoneal vs. Retroperitoneal

A

Intraperitoneal = organs that are completely enclosed in mesentery and connected to wall via mesentery

Retroperitoneal = organ that lies against posterior body wall and is covered with peritoneum on anterior surface only

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7
Q

Peritoneum definition

A

serous membrane lining abdominal cavity and organs (we have parietal peritoneum and visceral peritoneum)

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8
Q

Parietal Peritoneum (definition and what is it derived form?)

A

Lines body wall

Derived from somatic mesoderm

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9
Q

Visceral Peritoneum (definition and what is it derived form?)

A

Lines organs

Derived from splanchnic mesoderm

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10
Q

Mesentery: definition

A

Mesentery = double layer folds of peritoneum that suspend organs from body wall and hold them to either ventral or dorsal wall

(We have a dorsal mesentery and a ventral mesentery)

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11
Q

Dorsal Mesentery (definition and what is it derived form?)

A

Holds midgut to posterior body wall. Runs entire length of gut tube.

Derived from splanchnic mesoderm

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12
Q

Ventral Mesentery (definition and what is it derived form?)

A

Associated with foregut.

Mesoderm of septum transversum that is between the liver and the foregut and the liver of the ventral abdominal wall.

Derived from splanchnic mesoderm

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13
Q

What can mesentery contain?

A

reminder: mesentery is a double-layer of peritoneum that suspends an organ from the body wall

can contain connective tissue, fat, blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves

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14
Q

Both dorsal mesentery and ventral mesentery are derived from ____.

A

Splanchnic mesoderm

Think: Mesentery means they are in contact with organs. Therefore from splanchnic.

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15
Q

Dorsal Mesentery Divisions

A
  1. Dorsal Mesogastrium (or greater omentum)
  2. Mesoduodenum
  3. Mesentery Proper
  4. Dorsal Mesocolon
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16
Q

Dorsal Mesogastrium

A

aka Greater Omentum

Dorsal mesentery division of the STOMACH

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17
Q

Greater Omentum

A

aka Dorsal Mesogastrium

Dorsal mesentery division of the STOMACH

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18
Q

Mesoduodenum

A

Dorsal mesentery division of DUODENUM

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19
Q

Mesentery Proper

A

Dorsal mesentery division of JEJUNA and ILEAL LOOPS

aka holds small intestine to posterior wall

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20
Q

Dorsal Mesocolon

A

Dorsal mesentery division of the COLON

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21
Q

Ventral Mesentery (definition and what is it derived form?)

A

Derived from septum transversum

Exists only in region of terminal esophagus, stomach and upper part of duodenum (ie FOREGUT)

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22
Q

Septum Transversum gives rise to _______

A

Mesodermal tissue that gives rise to central tendon of diaphragm and connective tissue in the liver

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23
Q

The liver grows into mesenchyme of septum transversum and divides _____ into ____&____

A

The liver grows into mesenchyme of septum transversum and divides the ventral mesentery into

LESSER OMENTUM and FALCIFORM LIGAMENT

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24
Q

Lesser Omentum (what is it and how is it formed?)

A

Extends from lower portion of esophagus, stomach and upper portion of duodenum to liver

formed from liver growing into mesenchyme of septum transversum and dividing ventral mesentery (into lesser omentum and falciform ligament)

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25
Falciform Ligament (what is it and how is it formed?)
Extends from liver to ventral body wall formed from liver growing into mesenchyme of septum transversum and dividing ventral mesenchyme (into lesser omentum and falciform ligament)
26
Round ligament of the liver
aka Ligamentum teres hepatis free inferior margin of falciform ligament contains obliterated umbilical vein
27
Ligamentum Teres Hepatis
aka Round ligament of the liver free inferior margin of falciform ligament contains obliterated umbilical vein
28
Hepatoduodenual Ligament
Free margin of lesser omentum connecting duodenum and liver Contains the portal triad (bile duct, portal vein, hepatic artery)
29
Portal triad (what is it and where is it found?)
BILE DUCT, PORTAL VEIN, HEPATIC ARTERY Contained within hepatoduodenual ligament (free margin of lesser omentum)
30
How is the ectoderm incorporated into GI tract? Think derivation
Enteric system (brain of the gut) Enteric system is derived from neural crest cells (ectoderm)
31
What is the enteric system? Where is it derived from?
Ectodermal contribution to GI tract (derived from neural crest cells) "Brain of the gut" - functions without innervation from the brain, it functions on it's own.
32
Component of foregut
``` Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Proximal 1/2 duodenum (includes major duodenal papillae - pancreatic and bile duct papillae) ```
33
Components of midgut
``` Distal 1/2 duodenum Jejunum Ileum Secum Ascending Colon Proximal 2/3 Transverse Colon ```
34
Components of hindgut
``` Distal 1/3 Transverse Colon Descending Colon Sigmoid Colon Rectum Anus ```
35
Arterial Supply to GI tract?
Each gut region supplied by a major artery off of ABDOMINAL AORTA 1. Foregut = CELIAC TRUNK ARTERY 2. Midgut = SUPERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERY 3. Hindgut = INFERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERY
36
Foregut derivatives
Pharynx, lower respiratory system, esophagus, stomach, proximal 1/2 duodenum (including pancreatic and bile duct papillae) Associated organs: liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen (although spleen not digestive organ)
37
Esophagus & outgrowth
Immediately caudal to pharynx Endodermal outgrowth week 4 = tracheobronchial diverticulum (aka respiratory diverticulum aka lung bud)
38
Tracheobronchial Diverticulum
(or respiratory diverticulum or lung bud) Endodermal outgrowth from esophagus on ventral side of foregut Becomes trachae, respiratory tree and lungs
39
Greater curvature / lesser curvature of stomach
Week 4 Stomach appears as fusiform dilation of foregut As stomach enlarges, dorsal side expands faster = greater curvature of stomach ventral side expands slower = lesser curvature
40
Stomach rotation: where do lesser/greater curvatures end?
90deg CLOCKWISE around longitudinal axis (anteroposterior axis) - as if looking SUPERIOR ventral side (lesser curvature) = RIGHT dorsal side (greater curvature) = LEFT
41
What are cardia and pylorus? Where do they go during stomach rotation?
``` Cardia = cephalic part of stomach Pylorus = caudal part of stomach ``` Both initially lie in midline. After growth and stomach rotation (alone anteroposterior axis): - Cardia (cephalic) = slightly downward and left - Pylorus (caudal) = up and to the right
42
What happens to dorsal mesogastrium during stomach rotation?
Carried to the left This enlarges a space posterior to stomach (omental bursa aka lesser sac of peritoneum)
43
What is the omental bursa?
As a result of mesogastrium movement during rotation, space posterior to stomach is enlarged. Space is called omental bursa or lesser sac of peritoneum. Continuous with greater sac of peritoneum
44
What is the lesser sac of peritoneum?
As a result of mesogastrium movement during rotation, space posterior to stomach is enlarged. Space is called omental bursa or lesser sac of peritoneum. Continuous with greater sac of peritoneum
45
Spleen Premidorium
Mesodermal proliferation within dorsal mesogastrium dorsal mesogastrium lengthens, portions between spleen and dorsal midline swing left, fusing with peritoneum of posterior abd. wall INTRAPERITONEAL
46
Lienorenal ligament and gastrorenal ligament
Lienorenal ligament = connects spleen to body wall in left kidney region Gastrolienal ligament - connects spleen to stomach
47
Greater Omentum definition
single, 4-layer sheet hangs from greater curvature of stomach
48
Greater Omentum formation
As stomach rotates, dorsal mesogastrium extends inferiorly, forms sac (space) lined by double-layers on either side. Sac extends over transverse colon and small intestinal loops Two sides of double layer of sac fuse, creating 1, 4-layered sheet off of greater curv. of stomach
49
In rotation, where does duodenum end?
Right side. Think. Greater curv of stomach ends LEFT, where is pylorus? Duodenum comes from there. Duodenum rotates because of rotation AND head of pancreas growth
50
What leads to duodenal swinging away fro midline? Where does it go?
Stomach rotation and head of pancreas growth. Duodenum swings RIGHT (from midline)
51
Are the duodenum/pancrease retroperitoneal or intraperitoneal?
Duodenum and head of pancreas = RETROPERITONEAL (against dorsal body wall) duodenal cap (near pylorus) = intraperitoneal small portion of head of pancreas = intraperitoneal
52
Liver Primodrium (when and where?)
Week 3 appears at distal end of foregut as outgrowth of endodermal epithelium = LIVER BUD (HEPATIC DIVERTICULUM)
53
What does the liver primodrium do?
As the liver bud (hepatic diverticulum) proliferates, it penetrates septum transversum which splits the ventral mesentery into falciform ligament and lesser omentum
54
What does the Common Bile Duct connect?
Narrow connection between the liver and foregut (DUODENUM)
55
Cystic Duct (what and where?)
Ventral outgrowth of common bile duct connection between common bile duct and gallbladder
56
Dorsal pancreatic bud and ventral pancreatic bud - what do they originate from? - where do they grow from?
both originate from endodermal lining of duodenum dorsal bud = grows from within the dorsal mesentery ventral bud = outgrowth of the common bile duct
57
How do ventral and dorsal pancreatic buds come together? How are they arranged? What do they form?
As duodenum rotates, ventral pancreatic duct swings clockwise with it (because originates as outgrowth of common bile duct) until meets dorsal bud. Ventral bud is behind and below dorsal bud. Together = PANCREATIC DUCT
58
What do ventral pancreatic duct and dorsal pancreatic duct form respectively?
ventral pancreatic duct = ucinate process of the head, inferior portion of the head of pancreas dorsal pancreatic duct = rest of head of pancreas, neck, body and tail
59
What are the midgut derivatives?
distal 1/2 duodenum (after pancreatic/bile papillae) | jejunum, ileum, cecum, appendix, ascending colon and proximal 2/3 transverse colon
60
What shape is the midgut?
U-shape around the superior mesenteric artery
61
Primary Intestinal Loop (what is it? how is it formed?)
Formed by rapid elongation of gut and mesenteries Two parts: CEPHALIC LIMB & CAUDAL LIMB formed around the superior mesenteric artery
62
Cephalic limb becomes...
Cephalic limb is a part of the primary intestinal loop Becomes - Distal 1/2 duodenum - Jejunum - Proximal Ileum
63
Caudal limb becomes...
Caudal limb is part of the primary intestinal loop Becomes - distal ileum, cecum, appendix, ascending colon, proximal 2/3 of transverse colon
64
What is between the two limbs of the primary intestinal loop?
The Vitteline Duct is between the caudal limb and the cephalic limb of the primary intestinal loop Vitteline duct is a temporary connection bteween the gut tube and the yolk sac
65
First midgut rotation
Week 6 90deg counterclockwise rotation around superior mesenteric artery causes physiological umbilical herniation (weeks 6-10 where intestinal loops enter extra-embryonic cavity)
66
Second midgut rotation
Week 10 180deg counterclockwise rotation around the superior mesenteric artery brings midgut back into normal *definitive) position
67
After 2nd midgut rotation, what are the definitive positions of all of the components?
Ascending and Descending Colons = secondarily retroperitoneal (because started off intraperitoneal) Appendix, lower end of cecum, sigmoid colon = intraperitoneal because maintain their free mesenteries
68
What are the midgut mesenteries?
Transverse mesocolon and Mesentery proper -Renamed because now in definitive position after midgut rotation
69
Transverse Mesocolon
From hepatic flexure of ascending colon to splenic flexure of descending colon Fuses with posterior wall of greater omentum (maintains mobility) = INTRA PERITONEAL
70
Mesentery Proper
Mesentery of jejunoileal loops Line of attachment extends from where duodenum because intraperitoneal to ileocecal junction
71
Describe the process of re-canalization and when it occurs in the gut tube
Recanalization = remaking a canal. Originally a tube, became occluded, then became tube again. Wk 6: proliferation of endodermal lining occludes gut tube Wk 9: gut tube re-canalization is complete
72
Meckel's Diverticulum (Ileal Diverticulum)
Remnanet of vitteline duct persists in finger-like outpouching of ileum (40-60cm from ileocecal jxn) May contain: pancreatic tissue/gastric mucosa that secrete acid causing ulcers/bleeding Most common GI malformation in ~2% population
73
Omphalomesenteric fistula
less common persistence of vitteline duct GI tract open to outside world
74
Omphalomesenteric vyst
less common persistence of vitteline duct tissue and cyst remain within what was the vitteline duct
75
Omphalomesenteric ligament
less common persistence of vitteline duct fibrous band holds midgut to the abdominal wall
76
Hindgut derivatives
``` Distal 1/3 transverse colon descending colon sigmoid colon rectum superior portion of anal canal ```
77
Urorectal septum (what is it and where does it grow?)
partitions the cloaca grows inferiorly towards the cloacal membrane (separates into urogenital membrane and anorectal membrane) partitions the cloaca into ventral urogenital sinus and dorsal anorectal sinus
78
When does cloacal membrane rupture?
week 7
79
Which portions of the anal canal are endoderm/ectoderm?
Endoderm = superior 2/3 Ectoderm = inferio 1/3
80
Proctodeum definition
anal pit
81
Pectinate line
junction of endodermal and ectodermal regions
82
How does epithelium change through anal canal?
Endoderm is columnar Ectoderm is stratified squamous
83
When does the urinary system begin formation?
Weeks 4-5
84
Urinary system is developing at the same time as what other system?
reproductive system
85
Urinary and reproductive system are both derived from _____
intermediate mesoderm along posterior abdomen
86
Urogenital system is divided into two different systems ____ & ____. Are the two connected?
Urinary system and reproductive system They are interconnected embryologically (both from intermediate mesoderm) and anatomically
87
Intermediate mesoderm swells to form _____
Urogenital ridge (bilaterally)
88
The urogenital ridge is a swelling of ___ that bulges out into the ____
swelling of intermediate mesoderm bulges out into the intraembryonic coelomic cavity
89
The urogenital ridge differentiates into a medial ____ ridge and a lateral ____ ridge.
Medial ridge = genital ridge for reproductive system Lateral ridge = nephrogenic cord/ridge for urinary system
90
What happens to the nephrogenic cord during folding?
Lateral body wall folds come together (WEEK 4), nephrogenic cord gets pushed being lateral plate mesoderm making nephrogenic cord RETROPERITONEAL
91
3 kidney systems throughout development
Pronephros, mesonephros and metanephros (in that order) These develop sequentially cranial to caudal
92
When does pronephros begin? When does it end?
Begins at start of week 4, ends at end of week 4
93
What marks the beginning of pronephros?
7-10 solid cells groups in intermediate mesoderm of cervical region
94
Is the pronephros a functional system?
Not in humans | It has an inductive role - lays the foundation for mesonephric kidney development
95
When does mesonephros begin?
Early in week 4 (overlaps with pronephros degeneration)
96
Is mesonephros a functional system?
Functional through weeks 6- 10 ``` Excretory units (nephrons) Collecting ducts (mesonephric ducts of wolffian ducts) ```
97
What region does this mesonephros appear in?
upper thoracic region to upper lumbar region (L3)
98
What first appears in mesonephric development?
Excretory tubules appear and rapidly lengthen to form S-shaped loop. they acquire tuft of capillaries (glomerulus)
99
What surrounds the glomerulus?
Portion of the tubules called bowman's capsule
100
How do mesonephric (wolffian) ducts first appear?
solid, longitudinal rods within intermediate mesoderm which grow caudally to fuse with cloaca
101
Do mesonephric ducts become incorporated into the bladder?
Yes. | They contribute to the posterior wall of the bladder
102
How do mesonephric ducts form from solid rods?
``` Rod cavitation (starts caudally and runs cranially) Forms a lumen which forms the mesonephric ducts ```
103
What happens when mesonephric ducts come in contact with the cloaca?
Induces an outpocketing called the ureteric bud
104
What is another name for ureteric bud?
Metanephric diverticulum
105
What is the uteric bud?
Outgrowth of mesonephric duct close to it's entrance to the cloaca
106
When does metanephros begin? What marks their beginning?
Week 5 | Marked by appearance of ureteric buds sprouting at each caudal end of metanephric ducts
107
There are two functional components of the metanephros: ___ & ____
Ureteric bud (collecting ducts of kidney) Metanephric blastema (excretory unit of kidney)
108
What are the collecting portions of the kidney?
Collecting tubules, major and minor calyces, renal pelvic, ureter
109
What are the excretory portions of the kidney?
(Nephron) | Bowman's capsule, proximal conv. tubule, loop of henle, distal conv. tubule
110
The ureteric bud forms the ____ portion of the kidney and the metanephric blastema forms the ____ portion of the kidney.
Ureteric bud forms collecting duct of kidney Metanephric blastema forms the excretory duct of kidney
111
How are metanephric blastemas formed?
Ureteric bud grows into the intermediate mesoderm of sacral region - inducing mesoderm to form mesonephric blastemas. They form a cap over the ureteric buds.
112
Ureteric buds form the _____ portion of the kidney which includes _____.
Collecting portion Collecting tubules, major and minor calyces, renal pelvis, ureter
113
Metanephric blastema forms the ____ portion of the kidney which includes ____
Excretory portion Bowman's capsule, prox conv tubule, loop of henle, distal conv tubule
114
When does the definitive kidney become function?
Week 12
115
What are the definitive kidneys formed by?
metanephros
116
How is urine passed throughout the amnion?
Urine passed into amniotic cavity (mixes with amniotic fluid), urine swallowed by fetus and recycled through kidneys
117
What is the main function of the kidney in fetus?
fetal urine produces amniotic fluid
118
What in the fetus excretes waste?
Placenta
119
Nephron formation is reliant on _____ induction.
Reciprocal induction
120
What is reciprocal induction? Why is it important for nephron formation?
Inductive signaling from ureteric bud forms the nephrons If ureteric bud is abnormal/missing - nephron won't develop)
121
Where is the definitive kidney initially positioned?
pelvic region
122
How are the kidneys initially supplied?
When in pelvic region, arterial blood supply from a pelvic branch off of the aorta
123
How are the kidneys supplied during their ascend?
receive blood supply from arteries off of aorta at continuously higher levels - these vessels do not stretch, the caudal ones degenerate as new cranial ones develop
124
Where can complications occur during kidney's ascent? What complications?
Kidneys have to pass through "arterial fork" of umbilical arteries - complications can occur here. Pelvic kidney or horseshoe kidney
125
What is pelvic kidney? What feature are they near?
Kidney remains in the pelvis near the common iliac artery
126
What is horseshoe kidney? Where does this occur?
As 2 kidneys try to push passed umbilical arteries they are so close together that their inferior poles fuse and they are caught on the root of inferior mesenteric artery This occurs at the lower lumbar levels
127
When does the bladder develop?
Weeks 4-7
128
The urorectal septum divides the cloaca into ___ and ____
Urogenital sinus (anteriorly) and the anal canal (posteriorly)
129
What divides the cloaca into two regions? What are the regions?
Urorectal septum divides cloaca into urogenital sinus (anterior) and anal canal (posterior)
130
What are the three parts of the urogenital sinus?
Vesicle part, pelvic part, phallic part
131
What part of the urogenital sinus develops the bladder?
The vesicle part (the largest part)
132
How are the mesonephric ducts and ureteric buds incorporated into the bladder?
at posterior wall of bladder ureteric bud becomes ureters into bladder wall and mesonephric ducts are carried inferiorly to level of pelvic urethra (below the neck of urethra)
133
What is the trigone of bladder?
Triangular region of incorporated mesonephric duct on posterior bladder wall
134
What do the 3 parts of the urogenital sinus become in a female?
vesicle part = bladder pelvic part = urethra phallic part = contributes to the vestibule of the vagina
135
What do the 3 parts of the urogenital sinus become in a male?
vesicle part = bladder pelvic part = prostatic urethra and membraneous urethra phallic part = penile (spongy) urethrapi
136
Pituitary gland is also called _____
hypophysis
137
Pituitary gland is seen in the ____ section of the head
sagittal
138
Pituitary gland is craddled in the ______ or _____
craddled in the sella turcica or hypophyseal fossa
139
What is the location of the pituitary gland relative to the optic chiasm?
pituitary gland is inferior to optic chiasm
140
What is the location of the pituitary gland relative to the hypothalamus?
pituitary gland is inferior to hypothalamus
141
What is the location of the pituitary gland relative to the sphenoid sinus?
pituitary gland is posterior and superior to the sphenoid sinus
142
What is a placode?
a thickening of layering
143
The pituitary gland develops from what two sources?
oropharyngeal ectoderm and neuroectoderm both begin by developing placodes
144
What is Rathke's pouch?
an outpocketing of stomedeum invagination of oropharyngeal ectoderm that persists in development and eventually closes
145
Invagination of neuroectoderm in pituitary development leads to what
a solid mass forming infundibulum and posterior lobe
146
Neuroectoderm in pituitary gland development is an extension of what?
the diencephalon
147
What weeks can you clearly see anterior/posterior pituitary gland distinguishing?
Weeks 6-10
148
Rathke's pouch originates from _____ and eventually looses it's connection with the ____
oropharyngeal ectoderm; oral cavity
149
Rathke's pouch gives rise to what 3 structures?
1. Adenohypophysis (aka pars distalis) 2. Pars Tuberalis 3. Pars intermedia
150
Adenohypophysis aka ____
Pars distalis
151
Pars tuberalis grows in which direction and along what structure?
Pars tuberalis grows as a dorsal extension of anterior lobe superiorly along the stalk
152
Which portion of the anterior lobe develops alongside a nerve plexus? Which nerve plexus?
Pars tuberalis grows alongside the hypothalamohypophyseal system (nerve plexus)
153
Where is the pars intermedia located?
posterior to anterior lobe - between anterior and posterior pituitary lobes
154
What is the function of the pars intermedia?
unknown in humans has an association with melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) producing cells
155
Which portion of the anterior lobe has a connection with melanocyte stimulating hormone producing cells?
Pars intermedia
156
Which portion of the anterior lobe grows along the stalk?
Pars tuberalis
157
Which portion of the anterior lobe is found between the anterior and posterior lobes?
Pars intermedia
158
What two structures do the posterior lobe give rise to?
stalk and pars nervosa (aka neurohypophysis)
159
Pars nervosa aka _____
neurohypophysis
160
Where are cell bodies/axon terminals located in the posterior lobe?
cell bodies located in hypothalamus axons project through stalk axon terminals located in pars nervosa
161
Why do we learn about anterior pituitary development in an embryology lecture?
pituitary gland functions in regulating and developing the reproductive system

IKK - Anatomy Exam 2 (13 decks)

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