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Embryogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

How do cells migrate?

A

Down concentration gradient of growth factors and cytokines

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2
Q

What are the three broad periods of gestation?

A
  1. Ovum
  2. Embryo
  3. Foetus
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3
Q

What are the key evens of the ovum period?

fertilisation to the end of the 1st week of gestation

A
  1. Transport of zygote from oviduct to uterus
  2. Multiple mitotic cell division
  3. Transformation from zygote to morula to blastocyst
  4. Hatching of blastocyst out of zona pellucida
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4
Q

What is the zona pellucida?

A

A thick membrane surrounding the blastocyst

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5
Q

What is the cluster of cells at the top of the blastocyst referred to?

A

Inner cell mass (ICM)

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6
Q

What are the key events which occur during the 2nd week (embryo stage)?

A
  1. Blastocyst elongation
  2. Appearance of germ layers
  3. Implantation
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7
Q

What are the three germ layers?

A
  1. Ectoderm
  2. Mesoderm
  3. Endoderm
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8
Q

What is the formation of the germ layers called?

A

Gastrulation

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9
Q

What are the key events which occur during the 3rd week (embryo stage)?

A
  1. Ebryonic body established (tail, head and limb buds)

2. Extra-embryonic membranes formed through folding (amnion, chorion, yolk sac and allantois)

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10
Q

At what stage of development do organs become functional?

A

Foetal

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11
Q

What does CRL stand for?

A

Crown to Rump Length (spine length)

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12
Q

What can be used to age embryos?

A

Somite number

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13
Q

What does cleavage refer to?

A

Mitotic division inside the zona pellucida

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14
Q

What are the four extra embryonic membranes?

A
  1. Amnion
  2. Yolk sac
  3. Chorion
  4. Allantois
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15
Q

What are the cells produced by cleavage called?

A

Smaller cells called blastomeres.

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16
Q

What governs the pattern of cleavage?

A

Size of yolk. Avians have large yolk and partial cleavage (meroblastic). Mammals have minimal yolk and total cleavage (holoblastic)

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17
Q

What is the solid cluster of cells caused by cleavage called?

A

Morula

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18
Q

What are the two changes which differentiate a morula from a blastocyst?

A
  1. Blastomeres loose shape, becoming tightly apposed (compaction)
  2. Blastomeres start secreting into the centre of the morula (blastocoel)
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19
Q

What is the layer of cells surrounding the blastocoel called?

A

Tropoblast layer

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20
Q

Where does the embryo start developing from?

A

ICM aka. embryonic disc

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21
Q

What are the forces resulting in hatching of the blastocyst from the zona pellucida?

(except for in rodents and horses)

A
  1. Accumulation of fluid
  2. Enzymes secreted by the trophoblast layer
  3. Blastocyst contration
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22
Q

What type of junctions are between cells in the ICM?

A

GAP junction for cellular communication

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23
Q

What type of junctions are between cells in the trophoblast?

A

Tight junctions for controlled diffusion

24
Q

What does delamination refer to?

A

Movement of a cell layer away from the ICM

25
How is the hypoblast formed?
Delamination of cells from the ICM, forming a layer of cells inside the trophoblast
26
After delamination of the hypoblast, what is the remaining ICM called?
Epiblast
27
Where is the amniotic cavity formed?
In-between the trophoblast and epiblast layers
28
How is the endoderm layer formed?
First migrating cells of epiblast layer down the primitive streak, which then move laterally
29
How is the mesoderm layer formed?
Second migrating cells of epiblast layer down the primitive streak
30
How is the ectoderm layer formed?
The remaining cells left on the top of the epiblast layer
31
What defines the major body axis during embryogenesis?
Formation of the primitive streak
32
What tissues arise from the ectoderm?
1. Epithelium of skin 2. Nervous tissue 3. Brain and spinal cord 4. PNS
33
What tissues arise from the mesoderm?
1. Connective tissue 2. Muscle 3. Epithelial lining of some organs (cardiovascular, reproductive and urinary systems)
34
What tissues arise from the endoderm?
1. Gastro intestinal tract 2. Epithelial linings of respiratory tract, bladder, middle ear and auditory tube 3. Parenchymal cells of the liver, pancreas, thyroid and parathyroid
35
What is a notochord?
Rod shaped aggregate of cells located cranial to the primitive streak, marks future location of the spinal cord
36
What does the formation of the notochord induce?
Formation of head, nervous system development and somite formation
37
What extra-embryonic membrane is derived from the trophoblast and the mesoderm?
Chorion and amnion
38
What is the function of the chorion?
Mediates attachment to the uterus
39
What extra-embryonic membrane is derived from the endoderm?
Yolk sac
40
What is the function of the amnion?
Fluid filled sac that protects the embryo
41
What extra-embryonic membrane is derived form the primitive gut?
Allantois
42
What is the function of the allantois?
Fluid filled sac that collects waste from the embryo, eventually fuses with chorion to form allantochorionic membrane
43
What is neurolation?
The initial development of the gut, heart and formation of the nervous system
44
What are the structures arised from neurolation?
1. Neural plate and neural 2. Somites 3. Neural tube 4. Neural crest cells
45
What do neural crests form?
Peripheral nervous system
46
What does the neural tube form?
Central nervous system
47
What does the folding of the endoderm form?
Primitive gut tube
48
How are placodes formed?
Thickening of ectodermal cells
49
What do the placodes form?
1. Nasal chambers 2. Lens 3. inner ear (otic)
50
How are pharyngeal arches formed?
Concurrent invagination of surface ectoderm (clefts) and endoderm (pouches)
51
What structures arise from paraxial mesoderm?
Somites
52
What structures arise from intermediate mesoderm?
Urinary and reproductive organs
53
What structures arise from lateral mesoderm?
Body cavities (pleural, pericardial and peritoneal)
54
What structures are derived form the somites?
1. Dermis 2. Axial skeleton 3. Skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle
55
What is the function of the yolk sac?
Contributes to primitive germ cells
56
Does cleavage of blastomeres increase the size of the morula?
There is no net increase in size. This is because they are constricted by the zona pellucida

Cells to Systems (10 decks)

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