Embryogenesis and seed development

Question 1

What are the male reproductive segments of a flower?

Answer 1

The stamen, which includes:
- anthers
- filaments

Question 2

What are the female reproductive segments of a flower?

Answer 2

The pistil, which includes:
- stigma
- style
- ovary

Question 3

What is the calyx of a flower?

Answer 3

The ring of sepals (leaf like structure) which protects the flower during budding.

Question 4

What is the purpose of petals?

Answer 4

To attract pollinators

Question 5

Where does pollen develop?

Answer 5

In the anther of the stamen.

Question 6

Where are egg cells developed?

Answer 6

In the ovules

Question 7

What is the pedical?

Answer 7

The flower stem

Question 8

What is the receptacle?

Answer 8

The base of the flower in which the pistil and all other structure sit upon. Found at the head of the stem (pedicel).

Question 9

What are the segments of a fruit?

Answer 9

Seed and pericarp (surrounding tissue made up of 3 layers).

Question 10

Where is the seed derived from?

Answer 10

The fertilised ovule of a flower.

Question 11

What makes up the pericarp (3 layers)?

Answer 11

• Exocarp (outer layer) skin
• Mesocarp (mid layer) flesh
• Endocarp (inner layer) pit

Question 12

Why do plants produce seeds?

Answer 12

• Facilitates dispersal as plants cannot move themselves
• Provides essential nutrients to young
• Can remain dormant until conditions are suitable

Question 13

What are the main visible differences to distinguish monocots from dicots?

Answer 13

Monocots have:
- flower parts in threes. - pollen is round (mono-aperturate),
- have one cotyledon
- scattered vascular bundles
- parallel leaf venation
- fibrous roots
- rare secondary growth.

Dicots have:
- Flowers in fours or fives
- three dents in pollen (tri-aperturate
- two cotyledons
- network of venation
- a ring of vascular bundles
- a taproot
- common to have secondary growth

Question 14

What are the 3 distinct stages of embryogenesis in dicots?

Answer 14

• Globular
• Heart
• Torpedo

Question 15

What are the 3 distinct stages of embryogenesis in monocots?

Answer 15

• Globular
• Scutellar
• Coleoptilar

Question 16

What is the globular stage of embryogenesis (both dicots and monocots)?

Answer 16

Cells divide rapidly.

Question 17

What is the heart stage of embryogenesis (dicots)?

Answer 17

cotyledons begin to clearly form/emerge.

Question 18

What is the torpedo stage of embryogenesis (dicots)?

Answer 18

Ground meristem forms around procambrium, this will eventually develop into the vascular tissues.

Question 19

What us the scutellum stage of embryogenesis (monocots)?

Answer 19

A single cotyledon begins developing.

Question 20

What is the coleptilar stage of embryogenesis (monocots)?

Answer 20

Differentiates the embryo axis into the plumule (gives rise to shoots) and radicle (gives rise to roots)

Question 21

What is the main difference between the reserves of monocot and dicot seeds.

Answer 21

Monocots have an endosperm throughout that acts as storage.

Dicots absorb the endosperm storage reserves into the cotyledons during embryogenesis.

Question 22

What are storage proteins in seen reserves?

Answer 22

Manage reserves for N, C, and S, these are found primarily in endosperm for monocots and in the cotyledons for dicots.

Question 23

What are the two types of seed dormancy?

Answer 23

Coat-imposed prevented (growth by coating) or embryo dormancy (embryo remains immature, regulated by hormones)

Question 24

What is the radicle?

Answer 24

The first organ to emerge through seed coat.
Anchors seedling to soil in germination.
Begins growing roots.

Question 25

What is epigeous germination?

Answer 25

Cotyledons exposed above the ground.

Question 26

What is hypogeous germination?

Answer 26

Cotyledons remains at ground level or underground.