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Foundations of Medicine > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

How long is in utero human development?

A

9 months (38-40 weeks)

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2
Q

What are weeks 0-3 called in human gestation?

A

conceptus/embryo

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3
Q

What are weeks 3-8 called in human gestation?

A

Embryonic period

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4
Q

What are weeks 9-40 called in human gestation?

A

fetal period

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5
Q

How many stages of embryogenesis are there?

A

6 (gametogenesis, fertilisation, cleavage, gastrulation, formation of a body plan and organogenesis)

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6
Q

What is the chromosome complement of a gamete?

A

23 chromosomes ( half of a typical somatic cell)

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7
Q

What are the two stages of gametogenesis?

A

Mitosis and meiosis

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8
Q

What does mitosis and meiosis lead to?

A

genetic variation

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9
Q

When does spermatogenesis occur?

A

At puberty and continues throughout life

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10
Q

How long does each cycle of spermatogenesis take?

A

around 64 days

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11
Q

What is the average production rate of sperm?

A

6.5 million sperm per gram of testicular tissue per day (decreases with age)

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12
Q

What is the outcome of spermatogenesis on the chromosomes in sperm ?

A

either 22 + X (will create female) or 22 + Y (will create male)

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13
Q

When does oogenesis start and end?

A

Starts in development and ends at menopause

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14
Q

When do primary oocytes begin meiosis?

A

week 28-30 but it is arrested in prophase until puberty

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15
Q

When is reproductive life span determined in females?

A

In foetal life ie dependent on number of ova produced during foetal development

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16
Q

What causes Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome)?

A

An additional copy of chromosome 21 caused by non disjunction

17
Q

What is fertilisation?

A

The fusion of a sperm and an oocyte

18
Q

What does fertilisation produce?

A

A diploid zygote (single cell embryo)

19
Q

What are the 2 options of sex determination in zygotes?

A

46 XX or 46 XY

20
Q

What is cleavage?

A

A period of rapid mitotic cell division with no increase in size

21
Q

What does cleavage form?

A

A morula (16+) cells then a blastocyst (days 1-4)

22
Q

What is gastrulation?

A

The formation of the germ layers which establishes body axes

23
Q

When does gastrulation happen?

A

Week 3

24
Q

What are the 3 germ layers?

A

Ectoderm, Mesoderm and Endoderm

25
Q

What is the formation of the body plan?

A

Embryonic folding (gut tube within a skin/body wall/tube)

26
Q

What in organogenesis?

A

the formation of organs and organ systems

27
Q

When is the basis of all organs/their systems in place by?

A

The end of the embryonic period but continues throughout the foetal period

28
Q

What trimester does the foetus lengthen most?

A

2nd

29
Q

What trimester is the most weight gained?

A

3rd

30
Q

What are the main events that occur during the foetal period?

A

Tissues mature and become functional, overt sexual differentiation and bone laid down, connections in the central nervous system

31
Q

What are some of the primary processes involved in development from zygote to human?

A

cell division, differentiation, cell attachment (eg tissue formation), apoptosis, induction (ability of one cell type to cause another to differentiate) and cell migration

32
Q

What are some of the secondary processes involved in development from zygote to human?

A

axis formation/polarity (so cells know where they are in relation to one another and the whole embryo) and folding/rotation

33
Q

What are the 2 types of control of development?

A

genetic control (gene expression) and epigenetic control

34
Q

What is epigenetic control?

A

the preferential expression of either the maternal or the paternal copy of the gene

35
Q

In humans, what does the sperm first bind to during fertilisation?

A

The zona pellucida glycoprotein (ZP3) - which tells cells to release calcium

36
Q

What type of enzymes are released from the sperm head?

A

Acrosomal enzymes

Foundations of Medicine (10 decks)

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