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Embryology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the specific glycoprotein that the sperm binds to during fertilisation?

A

Zona pellucida

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2
Q

What happens to the head of the sperm once it has bound to the zona pellucida?

A

Acrosomal enzymes released from sperm head; the sperm digests its way into egg

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3
Q

What does sperm entry into the egg trigger?

A

Triggers cortical granule release in egg cortex triggering formation of fertilisation membrane, which is impenetrable to sperm

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4
Q

When is a fertilised egg described as a zygote?

A

When fusion of the male and female pronuclei restores the diploid number of chromosomes - day 0

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5
Q

What is the name given to the daughter cells that are formed by the multiple divisions of the zygote?

A

Blastomeres

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6
Q

Up until which point are blastomeres thought to be totipotent?

A

Until the 8 cell stage

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7
Q

What is blastocyst hatching?

A

When the blastocyst leaves the zona pellucida

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8
Q

What group of cells from the blastocyst give rise to the embryo?

A

Inner cell mast

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9
Q

What cells give rise to the trophoblast and what is its function?

A

The remaining cells that do not give rise to the embryo

Instead, they form the placenta

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10
Q

What is the syncytiotrophoblast?

A

The implanted embryo - has extended into endometrium by erosion and has contacted maternal blood supply
This occurs at 9-12 days

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11
Q

Where are the amniotic cavity and the yolk sac in relation to each other?

A

The amniotic cavity lies above the bilayered embryonic disc with the yolk sac below

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12
Q

What is the chorionic cavity?

A

A cavity which fully surrounds the embryo

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13
Q

What is gastrulation?

A

Formation of the germ layers - 2 layers (epiblast and hypoblast) becomes 3

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14
Q

What are the three germ layers?

A

Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

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15
Q

Through which structure do cells migrate through during gastrulation?

A

Primitive streak

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16
Q

What does the ectoderm become?

A

Epidermis of skin

Nervous system

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17
Q

What does the endoderm become?

A

Lining of respiratory tract

Lining of GI tract

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18
Q

How many parts does the mesoderm divide into and around what structure?

A

3 sections around the notochord

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19
Q

What is the name given to each of the three parts of the mesoderm?

A

Paraxial
Intermediate
Lateral plate

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20
Q

What does the paraxial mesoderm become?

A

The axial skeleton

Parts of dermis and voluntary muscle

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21
Q

What does the intermediate mesoderm become?

A

Urogenital systems

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22
Q

What does the lateral plate mesoderm become?

A

Somatic part: Lining of body wall, most of dermis, parts of limbs
Visceral part: Mesothelial covering of organs, Cardiovascular system

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23
Q

What does lateral folding of the embryo do?

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A

Creates a closed cavity, forming thoracic and abdominal cavities and closing fore and hind gut
Mid gut is the last to close

24
Q

What does cranial folding of the embryo do?

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A

Forms the foregut and defines the thoracic cavity; developing heart tube displaced into thoracic cavity

25
What does caudal folding of the embryo do?
Cloacal membrane and connecting stalk are displaced ventrally alongside the neck of the yolk sac, forming the hindgut, anus and the umbilical cord
26
What development has occurred by the third month of pregnancy?
Face more human looking (position of eyes&ears) Limbs lengthen 1° ossification centres in long bones and skull Sex can be determined by external genitalia
27
What development occurs in the 4th and 5th months of pregnancy?
Rapid growth in length
28
What development occurs from 6 months to birth?
Rapid increase in weight
29
When does the heart begin to develop?
4th week
30
What two structures must grow to provide normal atrial septation in babies?
``` Septum primum (flexible) Septum secundum (more rigid) ```
31
What structure allows communication between atria until birth?
Foramen ovale
32
In which direction does blood flow between atria occur before birth?
Right to left, through foramen ovale
33
What structure serves as a valve for the foramen ovale and how does this help its seal after birth?
Septum primum After birth, direction of blood flow changes from left to right - this pins the septum primum to the septum secundum over the patent foramen ovale
34
How does the muscular portion of the ventricular wall develop?
Grows upwards from wall of expanding ventricle
35
How does the membranous portion of the ventricular wall develop?
Growth of tissue from Endocardial cushions
36
Which germ layer gives rise to the heart?
Visceral mesoderm
37
Where is the visceral mesoderm?
Cranial to the developing Neural Tube
38
What are the regions of the heart tube called (cranial-caudal)?
``` Truncus arteriosus Bulbus cordis Atrium Ventricle Sinus venosus ```
39
What does the truncus arteriosus become?
Pulmonary trunk and aorta
40
What does the bulbus cordis become?
Trabeculated part of right ventricle | Outflow part of both ventricles
41
What does the sinus venosus become?
Smooth part R. atrium | Coronary sinus
42
What day of development does the heart tube begin to fold?
Day 23
43
Initially, how many aortic arches are there?
6
44
Which 3 embryonic aortic arches are important?
3 → common carotid aa; first part of ICA 4 → right subclavian a.; part of aortic arch 6 → sprout branches that form pulmonary aa; ductus arteriosus on left
45
What are the vitelline veins and their function?
Drain the yolk sac
46
What do the vitelline veins become?
Portal venous system draining gut Hepatic sinusoids and veins Hepatic portion of IVC
47
What do the cardinal veins come to be?
Systemic venous system
48
From which structure does the epithelial lining of the respiratory tract come from?
Endoderm
49
From which structure does the lung tissue come from i.e. cartilidge, muscle etc?
Visceral mesoderm
50
What are the five stages of maturation of the lungs?
``` Embryonic Pseudoglandular; Canalicular Saccular Alveolar ```
51
What develops during the embryonic stage of lung maturation?
Respiratory diverticulum forms | Initial branching to give lungs, lobes and segments
52
What develops during the pseudoglandular stage of lung maturation?
More branching occurs and terminal bronchioles are formed
53
What develops during the canalicular stage of lung maturation?
Terminal Bronchioles ≥2 Respiratory bronchioles 3 – 6 alveolar ducts
54
What develops during the saccular stage of lung development?
Terminal sacs form | Capillaries establish close contact
55
What develops during the alveolar stage of lung maturation?
Alveoli mature

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