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MCP > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the zona pellicuda?

A

The ECM of the egg essential for sperm binding. When the embryo reaches the uteris it hatches from the zona pellicuda which was intially preventing it from binding to the uterine wall

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2
Q

What is the blastocoel

A

It is the fluid within the blastocyst

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3
Q

What process is necessary to form the blastocyst from the morula?

A

Cavitation which results in the production of the trophoblast (outer cell layer) and the ICM (inner cell mass)

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4
Q

What is the endomertrium?

A

It is the epithelium of the uterus and is the site of implantation of the embryo

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5
Q

L-selectins are involved in what?

A

Blastocyst attachment to the endometrium

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6
Q

What is an ectopic pregnancy?

A

It is an abnormal implantation of the blastocyst not in the uterus

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7
Q

What are the two cellular layers that the trophoblast forms?

A

The cytotrophoblast (an inner layer of mononucleated cells) and the **syncytiotrophoblast **an outer multinucleated layer that lacks distinct cell boundaries and invades the uterine tissue

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8
Q

What are the two layers of tissue that the ICM differentiates into?

A

Hypoblast (supportive) and the Epiblast (main embryo)

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9
Q

Gastrulation results in what?

A

The formation of the endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm

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10
Q

The endoderm gives rise to which tissues?

A

The inner lining of the get and other internal organs

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11
Q

The ectoderm gives rise to which tissues?

A

The skin, nervous system and other external tissues

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12
Q

The mesoderm gives rise to what?

A

Muscle, skeletal system, and circulatory system

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13
Q

What are the steps of neurulation?

A
  1. formation and folding of the neural plate
  2. Elevation of the neural crest
  3. Convergence of the neural folds
  4. Closure of the neural tube
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14
Q

What are the three major divisions formed during neuralation?

A
  1. Neural tube: forms brain and spinal cord
  2. External surface ectoderm: forms skin
  3. Neural Crest Cells: gives rise to many cell types
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15
Q

What are the four main derivatives of neural crest cells?

A
  1. Cranial: craniofacial cartilage, bone, neurons, glia and connective tissue
  2. Cardiac neural crest: malenocytes, neurons, cartilage and connective tissue. And septum
  3. Trunk neural crest: dorsal root ganglia (sensory) or sympathetic ganglia and adrenal medulla
  4. Enteric (vagal and savral) neural crest: parasympathetic ganglia of gut
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16
Q

What is a homologous gene?

A

A gene similar in structure and evolutionary origin (and likely function) toa gene in another species

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17
Q

Explain genetic equivalence?

A

All cells contain the same genetic material, but the expression pattern is different within each.

18
Q

Explain differential gene expression

A

The cells contain the same genetic material, but different cell types express different sets of genes

19
Q

What are the various levels at which genetic expression is regulated?

A

Transcription, nuclear RNA processing, selective mRNA translation, differential protein modification

20
Q

Explain induction

A

one group of cells changes the behavior of an adjacent set of cells

21
Q

What does it mean to have a competent cell?

A

That the responder cell can effectively change its behavior for a particular inducer. For example, Pax6 is required for to form the optic cup

22
Q

What’s the difference between juxtacrine and paracine signaling?

A

A juxtacrine signal exists when two cells are in direct contact with one another, a paracrine signal can diffuse throughout the extracellular space

23
Q

What is a morphogen?

A

It is a special type of paracrine signaling molecule whose effect depends on concentation

24
Q

What is volvulus?

A

Twisted bowel that causes obstruction

25
Q

What is heterotaxy?

A

Also known as situs ambiguus is a congenital deformity resulting in nonuniform left right assymmetry where certain organs are reversed in their left-right orientation

26
Q

Difference between situs solitus and situs inversus?

A

Situs solitus: when the body is in the normal orientation

situs inversus: a total flip flop of left right symmetry

27
Q

What is aneuploidy?

A

An abnormal number of chromosomes

28
Q

What is axenfeld-reiger syndrome?

A

It is primarily an eye disorder, but can affect other parts of the body. It is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern.

2 known genes: PITX2, FOXC1

caused by a single mutation

Children usually have microdontia, olidgodontia, hypertelorism, redundant periumbilical skin

29
Q

What is multifactorial inheritance?

A

Meaning both genetic and environmental factors are important.

30
Q

What is holoprosencephaly (HPE)?

A

It is the most common malformation of the brain, can result from chromosomal abnormalities or environmental factors: results in incomplete forebrain division in the 3rd-4th weeks of gestation.

Associate with SHH

31
Q

What is phocomelia?

A

A limb defect: a consequence of thalidomide use during pregnancy

32
Q

What is a teratogen?

A

An agent which causes birth defects

e.g. thalidomide

33
Q

Which embryonic period is most susceptible to birth defects?

A

Weeks 3-8

34
Q

Which organ has the most common birth defects?

A

The heart.

35
Q

What is dextrocardia

A

When the heart is formed on the right side ofhte thorax instead of left

36
Q

What is double outlet right ventricle?

A

When the aorta rises out of the right ventricle instead of the left ventricle.

37
Q

What is transposition of the great arteries?

A

When the aorta and the pulmonary artery switch positions

Oxygen poor blood enters the right side of the heart, then instead of being oxygenated, gets pumped through the rest of the body.

38
Q

What is truncus arteriosus (22q11.2Syndrome)?

A

When the main pulmonary artery (MPA) and the aorta fail to separate, so you have a single large valve coming out of the heart

39
Q

What are the four defects involved with the Teratology of Fallot (22q11.2 syndrome)?

A
  1. Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
  2. Pulmonary Stenosis
  3. Overriding aorta (increases flow)
  4. Ventricular Hypertrophy
40
Q

Cardiac neural crest cells contribute to what in development?

A

Separation of the cardiac outflow tract

MCP (5 decks)

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