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Gastroenterology - Embryology > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What structures are derived from the foregut?

A

Pharynx to end of first portion of duodenum, including liver, GB, pancreas

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2
Q

What is the blood supply of the foregut?

A

Celiac trunk

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3
Q

What is the parasympathetic innervation of the foregut?

A

Vagus nerve

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4
Q

What is the sympathetic innervation of the foregut?

A

Splanchnic nerves T5-T9

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5
Q

What structures are derived from the midgut?

A

2nd portion of duodenum through splenic flexture (proximal 2/3 of transverse colon)

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6
Q

What is the blood supply of the midgut?

A

SMA

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7
Q

What is the parasympathetic innervation of the midgut?

A

Vagus

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8
Q

What is the sympathetic innervation of the midgut?

A

Splanchnic nerves T9-T12

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9
Q

What are the structures of the hindgut?

A

Distal 1/3 of transverse colon through upper 1/3 of anal canal (above pectinate line)

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10
Q

What is the blood supply of the hindgut?

A

IMA

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11
Q

What is the parasympathetic innervation of the hindgut?

A

Pelvic Splanchnics

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12
Q

What is the sympathetic innervation of the hindgut?

A

Lumber Splanchnics L1-L2

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13
Q

What are sternal wall defects caused by?

A

Rostral fold closure failure

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14
Q

What are omphalocele and gastroschisis caused by?

A

Lateral fold closure failure.

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15
Q

What is gastroschisis?

A

Extrusion of abdominal contents through abdominal folds, not covered by peritoneum.

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16
Q

What is omphalocele?

A

Persistence of herniation of abdominal contents into umbilical cord, SEALED by peritoneum

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17
Q

Is omphalocele or gastroschisis usually midline? Where is the other typically located?

A

Omphalocele is midline; through umbilicus. Gastroschisis is typically RIGHT of the midline.

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18
Q

What is bladder exstrophy caused by?

A

Caudal fold closure failure.

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19
Q

What is duodenal atresia caused by?

A

Failure to recanalize.

20
Q

What is duodenal atresia often associated with?

A

Trisomy 21.

21
Q

Why does duodenal atresia present with a double bubble sign?

A

Bubble of the stomach, closed pylorus, bubbled proximal duodenum closed by atretic portion.

22
Q

What are jejunal, ileal, and colonic atresia typically caused by?

A

Vascular accident; apple peel atresia.

23
Q

When does the midgut herniate through the umbilical ring and why?

A

6th week. Growing faster than the abdominal cavity, needs space to grow!

24
Q

When does the midgut return to the abdominal cavity? What happens then?

A

Returns in the 10th week, and rotates 270 degrees around SMA.

25
Q

What does malrotation of the midgut typically look like?

A

Bilious vomiting at birth. Cecum in RUQ, fixed with Ladd’s bands to second part of the duodenum. Midgut is fixed to SMA.

26
Q

What connects the midgut to the yolk sac during development?

A

Omphalomesenteric duct/vitelline duct.

27
Q

When should the vitelline duct obliterate?

A

8th week.

28
Q

What happens if the vitelline duct fails to obliterate?

A

Meckel’s diverticulum, a true diverticulum of the small intestine.

29
Q

What findings are associated with Meckel’s diverticulum?

A

Bleeding or obstruction that presents within first TWO years of life, diverticulum that is TWO inches long and located TWO feet from ileocecal valve, near the terminal valve. Present in TWO percent of the population, contains TWO types of epithelium (pluripotent stem cells of vitelline duct can do weird stuff).

30
Q

What is the most common tracheoesopagheal anomaly?

A

Esophageal atresia with distal tracheoesophageal fistula. (85%).

31
Q

How does esophageal atresia with distal tracheoesophageal fistula present?

A

Results in drooling, choking and vomiting with first feeding. TEF allows air to enter stomach (visible on CXR). Cyanosis, secondary to laryngospasm (larynx spasms to avoid reflux related aspiration).

32
Q

How to test clinically for esophageal atresia with distal tracheoesophageal fistula?

A

Failure to pass NG tube into stomach.

33
Q

What is H type tracheoesophageal fistula?

A

Esophagus and trachea make an H; esophagus communicates w/ stomach but also w/ trachea.

34
Q

How does pure/total esophageal atresia present differently?

A

CXR will show gasless abdomen. No cyanosis.

35
Q

What is congenital pyloric stenosis?

A

Hypertrophy of the pyloris causes obstruction.

36
Q

When and how does congenital pyloric stenosis present?

A

2-6weeks old, with non-bilious projectile vomiting. Palpable “olive” mass in epigastric region.

37
Q

In what demographic does pyloric stenosis occur more commonly?

A

First born males.

38
Q

What metabolic abnormalities are associated with pyloric stenosis?

A

Hypokalemic hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis - loss of stomach contents, volume contraction.

39
Q

What is the treatment for pyloric stenosis?

A

pyloromyotomy.

40
Q

How does the pancreas form?

A

From a vental bud and a dorsal bud.

41
Q

What parts of the pancreas come from the ventral bud?

A

Uncinate process and main pancreatic duct. Part of panc head.

42
Q

What parts of the pancreas comes from the dorsal bud?

A

Body, tail, isthmus, and and accessory pancreatic duct. Part of panc head.

43
Q

What is an annular pancreas?

A

Ventral pancreatic bud encircles 2nd part of duodenum. Forms ring of panc. tissue that may cause duodenal narrowing.

44
Q

What is pancreas divisum?

A

Failure of ventral and dorsal pancreatic buds to fuse at 8 weeks.

45
Q

What are the sx of pancreas divisum?

A

Common anomaly, usually asymptomatic. May cause chronic abdominal pain and/or pancreatitis.

46
Q

Where does the spleen arise from?

A

Mesentery of stomach - is mesodermal.

47
Q

What is the blood supply of the spleen?

A

Foregut - branches of celiac artery.

Gastroenterology - Embryology (1 decks)

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