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Neurology - step > embryology > Flashcards

embryology Flashcards

1
Q

time frame for neural plate to neural crest cells

A

18th week - notochord induces overlying ectoderm to become neuroectoderm
21st week - becomes separate neural tube and neural crest cells

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2
Q

what is the embryological derivative of the nucleus pulposis

A

notochordddd

ana term one exam

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3
Q

alar plate

A

dorsal sensory

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4
Q

basal plate

A

ventral motor

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5
Q

embryo origin of: cerebral hemispheres

A

prosencephalon - telencephalon

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6
Q

embryo origin of: medulla

A

rhombencephalon - myelencephalon

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7
Q

embryo origin of: thalamus

A

prosencephalon - dicencephalon

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8
Q

embryo origin of: cerebellm

A

rhombencephalon - metencephalon

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9
Q

embryo origin of: midbrain

A

mesencephalon

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10
Q

embryo origin of: pons

A

rhombencephalon - metencephalon

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11
Q

list the embryo origins of the ventricular system of brain plz

A

cavities of
lateral ventricle - telencephalon from the prosencepahlon
third ventricles - diencephalon form the prosencephalon
aqueduct - mesencephalon from the mesencephalon
upper part of fourth ventricle - metnecephalon from the rhombencephalon
lower part of the fourth ventciel - myelencephalon from the rhombencephalon

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12
Q

embryo origin of: CNS neurons

A

neuroectoderm

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13
Q

embryo origin of: ependymal cells

A

neuroectoderm

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14
Q

embryo origin of: oligodendrocytes

A

neuroectoderm

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15
Q

embryo origin of: astrocytes

A

neuroectoderm

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16
Q

embryo origin of: PNS neurons

A

neural crest cells

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17
Q

embryo origin of: schwann cells

A

neural crest cells

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18
Q

embryo origin of: microglial cells

A

mesoderm (like macrophages)

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19
Q

when do neural pores fuse

A

FORUTH WEEK

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20
Q

what are neural tube defects associated wtih

A

low folic acid intake before conception and in pregos

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21
Q

what will you see in af and maternal serum with a neural tube defect

A

increased alpha fetoprotein in amniotic fluid and maternal serum
confirm with increased AChE in the AF

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22
Q

what is used as a confirmatory test of neural tube defects

A

increased AChE in the AF – diffuses from the CSf tas a transudate

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23
Q

describe spina bifisa occulta

A 
failure of BONY canal to close
no structural herniation
lower vertebral levels
dura is intact
tuft of hair or skin dimple at level fo defect
AFP is normal
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24
Q

what is a meningocele

A

meninges, no neural tissue herniate through bony defect

with or without a skin defect

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25
Q

what is a meningomyelocele

A

meninges and neural tissue herniate throught bony defet

skin is thin or usually absent

26
Q

what are the forebrain anomalies

A

anencephaly

holoprosencephaly

27
Q

increased AFP
polyhydramnions
mom with DMI
no folate supplementation

A

anencephaly

28
Q

describe structural defect in anencephaly

A

malformation fo anterior neural tube - no forebrain (no cerenral hemispheres or thalamus or 4th vent or 3rd vent) and an open calvarium

29
Q

when does holoprosencephaly occur

A

failure of left and right hemispheres to separate - usually in the FIFTH and SIXTH WEEK

30
Q

what happens neurodevelopmental style in the FIFTh and SIXTH weeks?

A

separation of the right and left hemispheres

31
Q

moderate form of holoposencephaly associated with?

A

cleft lip and palate

32
Q

most severe form of holoprosencephaly associated with?

A

cyclopia

33
Q

what syndromes is holoprosencephaly associated with

A

patau and fetal alcohol syndromes

34
Q

what are the possible genetics behind holoprosencephaly

A

sonic hedgehod signalling pathway mutations

35
Q

list the posterior fossa malformations

A

chiari II and chiari I

dandy walker

36
Q

describe chiari II

A

significant herniation fo cerebellar tonsils and vermis through foramen magnum with aqueductal stenosis and hydrocephalus.

37
Q

what does ciari II often present with

A

lumbosacral meningomyelocele
paralysis below the defect
hydrocephalus
aqueductal stenosis

38
Q

what is dandy walker

A

agenesis of the cerebellar vermis

cystic enlargement of the 4th ventricle - fills the posterior fossa

39
Q

what is dandy walker associated with

A

hydrocephalus

spina bifida

40
Q

what posterior fossa malformation is associated with spina bifida?

A

dandy walker - agenesis of cerebellar vermis - fluid isntead

41
Q

what posterior fossa malformation is associated with meningomyocoele

A

chiari II - cerebellar tonsils slip down

42
Q

what tis a syringomyelia

A

cystic cavity/syrinx in the spinal cord

43
Q

which fibres are typically damaged first in syringomyelia

A

crossing anterior spinal commissural fibres

44
Q

how does syringomyelia present

A

cape like bilateral loss of pain and temperature in upper extremities - fine touch is preserved

45
Q

what is a syringomyelia associated with

A

chiari I
tumours
trauma

46
Q

where does a syringomyelia normally occur

A

C8-T1

47
Q

what dermatomes typically affected in a syringomyelia

A

CB: 4th and 5th digits to posterior medial arm
T1: anterior medial arm

48
Q

what tis a chiari I malformation

A

cerebellar tonsillar ectopia > 3-5 mm

usually asymptomatic in childhood

49
Q

sxs of chiari I please

A

usually asxtic
syringomyelia associated with
headaches and cerebeallar symptoms

50
Q

list the posterior fossa malformations, their cxl presentation and their associated malformations

A

chiari I - syringomyelia, headaches, cerebellar symptoms
Chiari II - meningomyelocele, hydrocephalus, paralysis below defect
Dandy walker - spina bifida, hydrocephalus

51
Q

what does tongue develop from

A

anterior two thirds - 1st and 2nds branchial arches - V3 and VII
posterior one third - 3rd and 4th branchial arches - IX

52
Q

what gives special ensory to anterior 2/3 or tongue

A

VII

53
Q

what gives sensory to anterior 2/3 tongue

A

V3

54
Q

what gives motor to anterior 2/3 tongue

A

XII, some X

55
Q

what gives special sensory to posterior 1/3 tongue

A

IX, X at far back

56
Q

what gives sensory to posterior 1/3 tongue

A

IX, X at far back

57
Q

what gives motor to posterior 1/3 tongue

A

XII, some X

58
Q

which tongue muscle innervated by X and fucntion

A

palatoglossus - posterior tongue elevation during swallowing

59
Q

what tongue muscles innervated by XII and function

A

genioglusos - tongue protrusion
styloglossus - trough
hypoglossus - retracts and depresses tongue

60
Q

list the CN involved in taste

A

VII, IX, X (solitaroy nucleus)

61
Q

list the CN involved in pain for tongue

A

V3, IX, X

62
Q

list the CN involved in motor of tongue

A

X, XII

Neurology - step (10 decks)

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