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Billy Week 108 > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

How long does it take for the fertilised ovum to make it to the uterus?

A

4 days

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2
Q

How long does fertilisation take?

A

20-24h

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3
Q

When does the ZP disappear?

A

Around day 5; after the blastocyst is formed, and the cells have become embryoblasts and trophoblasts

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4
Q

What is the name of the 16ish cell mass with gap junctions?

A

Morula - around day 4

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5
Q

Why does the blastocyst form?

A

Blastomere enters uterine cavity and absorbs water forming blastocoele

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6
Q

What is blastulation?

A

Blastocyst formation from morula; morula enters uterus and sucks in water to form blastocoele; cells become trophoblasts (outside) and embryoblasts (inner, one pole)

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7
Q

What is apposition?

A

When the trophoblast cells come into contact with the endometrium, the blastocyst rotates so that the embryoblast is touching the endometrium. This triggers changes to the trophoblast ready for implantation (DECIDUAL reaction)

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8
Q

What are the main events in the 2nd week?

A

Trophoblast into 2 layers:

  • Cytotrophoblast
  • Syncitiotrophoblast

Embryoblast into 2 layers:

  • Epiblast
  • Hypoblast

Two cavities form:

  • Amniotic sac
  • Yolk sac
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9
Q

What / how does the trophoblast develop into?

A

Trophoblast cells in the area over the embryoblast differentiate; becoming the cytotrophoblast and the syncitiotrophoblast.

Syncitiotrophoblast cells fuse and lose membranes.

At this point the bilaminar disc also forms:

  • Embryoblast into epiblast and hypoblast
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10
Q

Where does the amniotic cavity form and when?

A

Day 8

Small cavity within epiblast layer forms and enlarges to become amniotic cavity.

Epiblast cells adjacent to the cytotrophoblast become amnioblasts and secrete amniotic fluid

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11
Q

What cells secrete amniotic fluid?

A

Amnioblasts, which are differentiated epiblast cells

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12
Q

When does the primary yolk sac form?

A

Second week, around day 9

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13
Q

How does the primary yolk sac form?

A

Flattened cells from the hypoblast alone with the exocoelomic membrane which lines the cytotrophoblast line a new cavity; primary yolk sac.

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14
Q

Where will the primary yolk sac be in relation to the trilaminar disc?

A

Beneath the endoderm

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15
Q

What provides nutrition for the embryo before the placenta is fully formed?

A

Primary yolk sac

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16
Q

What would cause a woman to possibly bleed a little and when?

A

Fibrinous plug over blastocyst

Around day 12

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17
Q

When is uteroplacental circulation established?

A

Aroudn day 12

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18
Q

What is the name of the space that forms at the end of the week two surrounding the primitive yolk sac and amniotic cavity? What does that mean for the other structures?

A

Chorionic cavity

Primitive yolk sac is now called secondary yolk sac

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19
Q

What will form the umbilical cord?

A

Connecting stalk, which connects the bilaminar germ disc to the trophoblast

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20
Q

What secretes hCG and from when, and why?

A

The syncitiotrophoblast from the end of the second week, secretes hCG to maintain the corpus luteum in the ovary, which secretes progesterone to maintain the endometrium

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21
Q

How is the endometrium maintained during pregnancy?

A

Syncitiotrophoblast secretes hCG

hCG maintains the corpus luteum in the ovary

Corpus luteum secretes progesterone which maintains the endometrium

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22
Q

When does the formation of the three germ layers occur?

A

At the start of the third week

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23
Q

What is the name of the formation of the three germ layers?

A

Gastrulation

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24
Q

What depression occurs on the bilaminar disc at the beginning of the third week?

A

The primitive streak

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25
Q

What is the name for the structure at the cranial end of the primitive streak? And what is important about it?

A

The primitive pit

Around it is the primitive node which is an important signalling area

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26
Q

What happens following formation of the primitive streak during gastrulation?

A

The outer cells of the epiblast start to migrate toward the primitive streak and upon arrival detach from the epiblast and slip beneath it (invagination)

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27
Q

What controls the cells’ migration and specification?

A

Growth factor; gastrulation is a good example of patterning and morphogenesis

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28
Q

What does the epiblast form?

A

Ectoderm on top
Mesoderm in middle
Endoderm underneath

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29
Q

What does the ectoderm form?

A

External surfaces:

  • Epidermis
  • Nervous system
  • Retina
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30
Q

What does the mesoderm form?

A
  • Muscle
  • Connective tissue
  • CVS
  • Blood cells
  • Bone
  • Skeleton
  • Reproductive organs
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31
Q

What does the endoderm form?

A

Internal-external surfaces:

  • Epithelia of resp and GI tracts
  • Glandular cells of GI organs
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32
Q

Which layer forms the respiratory epithelia?

A

Endoderm

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33
Q

Which layer forms the skin?

A

Ectoderm

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34
Q

Which layer forms the retina?

A

Ectoderm

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35
Q

Which layer forms the glands of the GIT?

A

Endoderm

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36
Q

Which layer forms the nervous system?

A

Ectoderm

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37
Q

What processes happen in the third week?

A

Gastrulation and neurulation

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38
Q

What is neurulation?

A

Formation of the brain and spinal cord

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39
Q

What forms underneath where the primitive streak was?

A

The notochordal plate; cells differentiate and migrate cranially to form the notochordal plate within the mesoderm

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40
Q

How does the notochord form and when?

A

Around day 17 (third week)

After gastrulation; cells under where the primitive streak was differentiate and migrate cranially to form the notochordal plate.

The cells detach from the endoderm layer and anastomose to form a solid rod; the notochord

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41
Q

What is the function of the notochord?

A

Forms parts of the IV discs in adults

Sends out chemical signals to determine the longitudinal axis of the embryo in embryogenesis (“induction”)

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42
Q

What structure is important in setting out the embryological axis?

A

Notochord is important in INDUCTION

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43
Q

Why / how does the neural plate form?

A

The mesoderm and notochord induce a change in the ectoderm (thickens)

The neural plate enlarges at the cranial and caudal end staying in the middle quite narrow; still a plate

Then the edges thicken and the plate deepens to form the neural groove, then the folds fold in on each other and form the neural tube

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44
Q

When does neurulation occur (beginning with neural plate formation)

A

Day 19 - 28

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45
Q

What are the names of the open cranial and caudal ends of the neural tube and when do they close?

A

Neuropores Day 27

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46
Q

Where do neural crest cells from from?

A

Edges of neural tube

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47
Q

What do the neural crest cells do?

A

Detach themselves from the neural groove to form discrete aggregations which migrate to form different parts of the CNS and PNS

48
Q

What forms from neural crest cells?

A

Glial cells
Schwann cells
Meninges

49
Q

What cells will become the neurons of the grey matter?

A

Neuroblasts

50
Q

Which zone of the neural tube becomes the spinal cord white matter?

A

Marginal zone

51
Q

What is the name of the structure the nerves form where the spine is longer?

A

Cauda equina

52
Q

What does the forebrain develop from?

A

Prosencephalon

53
Q

What does the midbrain develop from?

A

Mesencephalon

54
Q

What does the hindbrain develop from?

A

Rhombencephalon

55
Q

When do the three primary brain vesicles form and what are they?

A

Fourth week

Pros, Mes, Rhomb

56
Q

When do the five secondary brain vesicles form?

A

Week 5

Prosencephalon becomes:

  • Telencephalon (c. hem)
  • Diencephalon (thal/hypothal)

Mesencephalon

Rhombencephalon becomes:

  • Metencephalon (pons and cerebrellum)
  • Myencephalon (medulla)
57
Q

What does the cerebral hemisphere from from?

A

Telencephalon

58
Q

What does the thalamus form from?

A

Diencephalon

59
Q

What does the hypothalamus form from?

A

Diencephalon

60
Q

What does the pons develop from?

A

Metencephalon

61
Q

What does the midbrain develop from

A

Mesencephalone

62
Q

What does the cerebellum develop from?

A

Metencephalon

63
Q

What does the medulla develop from?

A

Myencephalon

64
Q

What does the prosencephalon turn into

A

Telencephalon

Diencephalon

65
Q

What does the mesencephalon develop into

A

It stays as mesencephalon

66
Q

What does the rhombencephalon develop into?

A

Metencephalon

Myencephalon

67
Q

What does the lumen of the neural tube turn into?

A

The ventricular system and the central canal in the spinal cord

68
Q

When does the gut tube form?

A

At roughly the same time as neurulation (end of third week to end of fourth week)

69
Q

Which layer forms the gut tube?

A

The endoderm

70
Q

Which layer forms the neural plate?

A

Ectoderm

71
Q

Which part of the gut tube is still in contact with the yolk sac?

A

The midgut

72
Q

What is the name for the connection between the gut tube and the yolk sac?

A

Vitelline duct

73
Q

The glandular cells (parenchyma) of the liver and pancreas are formed from which layer?

A

The endoderm

74
Q

The connective tissue and smooth muscle of the pancreas and liver and derived from which layer?

A

The mesoderm

75
Q

Gut tube epithelia is from which layer?

A

Endoderm

76
Q

What happens to the yolk sac as embryogenesis continues?

A

It shrinks as nutrients are used up by the embryo

77
Q

Why does the gut tube end up sustpended in the primitive peritoneal cavity?

A

The parietal and visceral mesoderm layers fold and become continuous to form the dorsal mesentery

78
Q

Where is the allantois and what will it become?

A

The connecting stalk

The umbilical cord

79
Q

What is the name of the primordial mouth

A

Stomodeum

80
Q

What is the name of the primordial anal pit

A

Proctodeum

81
Q

What is the name of the membrane which separates the proctodeum from the outside work

A

Cloacal membrane

82
Q

what does the greater omentum form from?

A

The dorsal mesentery (dorsal mesogastrium)

83
Q

What does the lesser omentum form from

A

The liver is within the mesogastrium and as it grows, separates it into two

The part ventral to the liver becomes the falciform ligament

The part dorsal to the liver becomes the lesser omentum

84
Q

When is the gut tube formed as a closed tube by

A

The end of week 4

85
Q

When is the growth period of the oesophagus?

A

Weeks 4 through 7

86
Q

What happens in the 8th week regarding oesophageal development?

A

Rapid proliferation of the epithelium followed by recanalisation

87
Q

What are potential complications of the oesophagus developing?

A 
Blockage = atresia
Stenosis = narrowing of the lumen
88
Q

What happens with the development of the stomach?

A

Start of 6th week

Enlarges ventrodorsally

Rotates clockwise

Left and right vagus become anterior and posterior vagi

Ventral mesogastrium becomes lesser sac

Dorsal mesogastrium becomes greater omenstum

89
Q

Stomach development

A

Week 5-6

Grows rapidly
Pulled round by stomach rotation
Epithelia proliferate
Recanalisation

90
Q

Which bud does the liver and gallbladder form from

A

Hepatic diverticulum

91
Q

When is the liver producing bile?

A

From week 12 - meconium becomes dark green

92
Q

Why is part of the pancreas retroperitoneal and some intraperitoneal?

A

Part is formed within the dorsal and part within the ventral mesentery; so form dorsal and ventral pancreatic buds

When the stomach raotates it brins the buds togther and allows them to join; they form the major duodenal papilla

93
Q

What does the falciform ligament form from

A

Ventral mesentery (septum transversum)

94
Q

When does the pancreas start to produce insulin

A

Around 10 week

95
Q

When does the pancreas start to produce glucagon

A

Around 15weeks

96
Q

What way does the small intestine rotate, and when?

A

It grows and rotates counter-clockwise, a total of 270 degrees, in weeks 10-12

97
Q

What is the name of the terminal part of the hindgut?

A

Cloaca

98
Q

What does the urorectal septum do?

A

Small piece of connective tissue in the cloaca grows toward the cloacal membrane to split the cavity into two

99
Q

What are the two openings formed when the cloacal membrane ruptures, and when?

A

Week 7

Anal oepning dorsally
Urogenital opening ventrally

100
Q

Why might you see bile in the vomit of a baby?

A

Duodenal atreia; common in downs and prems

101
Q

When does duodenal formation occur

A

Weeks 5-7

102
Q

What are differences between the alveoli before and after birth?

A

Foetal:

  • thick walled
  • smaller lumen

Adult

  • thin walled
  • larger lumen
103
Q

What is the first stage of lung development?

A

Embryonic

3-5w

Bronchial buds from
Branching

104
Q

What is the second stage of lung development?

A

Pseudoglandular

6-16w

Branching

105
Q

What is the third stage of lung development?

A

Canalicular

17-24w

Terminal bronchioles develop

106
Q

What is the fourth stage of lung development?

A

Saccular

25w to term

Primitive alveoli develop

107
Q

What is the fifth stage of lung development?

A

Alveolar

8m into childhood

Morre alveoli form; maturation of alveoli

108
Q

What separates the early foregut tube from the ventral lungbud?

A

Tracheooesophageal septum

109
Q

When do type II pneumocytes appear?

A

Pseudoglandular stage

110
Q

When do type I pneumocytes appear?

A

Canalicular stage

111
Q

When is surfactant produced?

A

Saccular stage

112
Q

What would a lack of surfactant cause?

A

Atelectasis (total lung collapse)

Respiratory distress syndrome

Steorids +/- surfactant therapy via ET tube

113
Q

Oesophageal atresia

A

Incomplete spearation of trachea from foregut

Often leads to polyhydramnios as foetus doesnt swallow amniotic fluid

Surgical

114
Q

Tracheosophageal fistulas

A

Incomplete separation of trachea from foregut

115
Q

Hiatal hernia

A

Can lead to maldevelopment of left lung which can cause death of foetus!!

(not right due to liveR)

Billy Week 108 (2 decks)

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