Embryology Flashcards
(25 cards)
chromosomal disorders/trisomies:
Edward syndrome
Down syndrome
Patau syndrome
trisomy 18
trisomy 21
trisomy 13
week 1 of embryo development is called the ______ ______ and demonstrates the __ __ ___ phenomenon.
resistant period, all or none.
weeks _ - _ are called the _______ _______, or ______ _______ _______ because all organ morphogenesis occurs at this time
3-8
embryonic period
maximum susceptibility period
weeks _ - _ are called the _____ ______ or the _______ _______ _______ because all organ systems have already been formed. Injury here results in a functional derangement of an organ system
9-38
lowered susceptibility period
TORCH infections
Toxoplasmosis Other infx- coxsackie, syphilis, VZV, HIV Rubella Cytomegalovirus HSV 2
mother is usu asx
neonatal infection more likely with primary maternal infection, congenital infection rate is 1%, 10% will be symptomatic, of which 25 % will have fatal disease
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
F: facial hypoplasia and forebrain malformation
A: Attention defecit disorder and Altered joints
S: Short stature, Septal defects and Small IQ
testes development is determined by _____ Gene located on the _____ ____ __ ___ __ ________, which encodes for _____ __________ ______
Sry gene,
short arm of the Y chromosome
testes determining factor
testosterone is secreted by the ________, and Mullerian inhibiting factor is secreted by the _______
Leydig, Sertoli cells
describe the process of meiosis 1 with key events
prophase 1- synapsis and crossing over
metaphase 1- tetrads (paired homologous chromosomes) line up on metaphase plate
anaphase 1- homologous pairs separate
telophase and cytokinesis- separation of 46 homologous chromosomes without centromere splitting
describe the process of meiosis 2 with key events
synapsis does not occur, crossing over does not occur
disjunction occurs with centromere splitting resulting in 4 haploid daughter cells
sperm is produced inside the __________ __________, in the ______ cells, in the testes
seminiferous tubules, sertoli
germ cell of the sperm is called the _____________
spermatogonia
spermatogonia go through mitosis and differentiation to become ________ ___________
primary spermatocytes
primary spermatocytes differentiate into secondary spermatocytes by ________ __, with each secondary spermatocyte containing __ chromosomes
meiosis I
23
2 secondary spermatocytes differentiate into __ _______ each via ________ __
2 spermatids
meiosis II
spermatids differentiate into _________
spermatozoa
infertile males produce less than _________, and up to _____ of sperm are deformed
10 million sperm/mL of semen, 10%
condition where the hypothalamus produces reduced levels of GnRF, leading to reduced levels of FSH and LG and reduced levels of testosterone.
Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
genetic disorder characterized by hypogonadoptropic hypogonadism and anosmia
Kallmann syndrome
other diseases leading to male infertility
Klinefelter syndrome, cryptochordism, varicocele, hydrocele, mumps.
all primary oocytes are formed by month __ of fetal life
5
primary oocytes are arrested in ______ __ and present at birth
meiosis I
at puberty, a primary oocyte completes ______ __ and forms a _______ ________
meiosis I, secondary oocyte
secondary oocytes become arrested in metaphase of ______ ___ and are then ovulated, unless fertilization occurs, which then the secondary oocyte completes _______ ___ to form a mature oocyte
meiosis II, meiosis II
