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LEC.155 Developmental Biology > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

(89 cards)

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1
Q

Animal Pole

A

end of an egg where the nucleus resides, away from the yolk

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2
Q

Anterior

A

Head end

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3
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death

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4
Q

Archenteron

A

cavity formed during gastrulation that forms the gut

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5
Q

Aromatase

A

enzyme responsible for conversion of androgens (e.g. testosterone) to oestrogens (e.g. estradiol)

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6
Q

Blastocoel

A

fluid-filled cavity in a blastula

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7
Q

Blastocyst

A

Mammalian blastula

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8
Q

Blastomere

A

cell created by cleavage divisions

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9
Q

Blastopore

A

– invagination of the surface of an embryo where the mesoderm and endoderm move inside the embryo during gastrulation

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10
Q

Blastula

A

hollow ball of cells formed by cleavage of the fertilised egg in many animals

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11
Q

Cleavage

A

series of rapid and synchronised cell divisions without growth of the embryo that occurs following fertilisation

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12
Q

Cytoplasmic determinant

A

protein or mRNA that provides developmental information to the embryo

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13
Q

Determinate

A

pattern of growth where there is a clearly-defined end point

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14
Q

Determination

A

change in the internal state of a cell such that its fate becomes fixed

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15
Q

Deuterostomes

A

‘mouth second’. organisms in which the primary invagination of the gut (blastopore) forms the anus, with the mouth forming independently

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16
Q

Dipoblastic

A

organisms that only have 2 germ layers (endoderm and ectoderm)

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17
Q

Differentiation

A

development of cellular specialisation

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18
Q

What are the 4 main stages of development?

A

Pattern formation, morphogenesis, cell differentiation and growth

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19
Q

Discoidal cleavage

A

embryo forms as a cellular disc above the dense yolk

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20
Q

DNA methylation

A

covalent modification of DNA that alters capacity for transcription by compacting histones. Usually associated with gene silencing

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21
Q

Dorsal

A

refers to the back of an animal (or the side opposite the belly)

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22
Q

Ectoderm

A

the outer germ layer, will form epidermis and the central nervous system

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23
Q

Endoderm

A

the inner germ layer, will form the gut and associated organs

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24
Q

Epigenesis

A

theory of embryogenesis that states that embryos develop progressively

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25
Epigenetic
mechanisms of gene regulation that involve modification of chromatin without changes in DNA sequence
26
Epimorphosis
mode of regeneration in which new structures are generated by new growth
27
Equal cleavage
pattern of cleavage in which cells produced are equally sized
28
Erythropoiesis
process of production of red blood cells
29
Erythropoietin (EPO)
cytokine that stimulates red blood cell production
30
Gastrula
the embryonic stage during gastrulation
31
Gastrulation
process of morphogenesis during which cell movements form the germ layers
32
Genomic equivalence
principle by which nuclei of all cells of an organism contain the same genetic information
33
Germ layer
region of cells that form specific tissues and organs
34
Haematopoiesis
production of new blood cells
35
Haematopoietic growth factor
signal that induces differentiation of blood cell progenitors
36
Histone modification
reversible, covalent modification of histone proteins that regulates their association with DNA
37
Holoblastic
when cleavage divisions occur throughout the whole embryo
38
Homeotic gene
gene which when mutated results in a homeotic transformation
39
Homeotic transformation
phenomenon in which one structure is transformed into another
40
Homeotic selector gene (Hox)
– family of genes encoding transcription factors containing a homeodomain, a protein domain that binds to the homeobox sequence in the promoter of target genes
41
Indeterminate
continuous or repetitive pattern of growth where there is no clearly-defined end point or fixed number/pattern of structures
42
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS)
cells created by dedifferentiation of fully developed cells by expression of a small number of specific transcription factors
43
Induction
process by which signals from one group of cells control the development of other cells
44
Inner cell mass
the inner ‘ball’ of cells in the mammalian blastocyst that becomes embryo proper
45
Kairomone
type of pheromone that provides a benefit to the receiver, but not the producer
46
Macromere
large cell produced by unequal cleavage
47
Master regulatory gene
gene, usually a transcription factor, that controls a collection of other genes necessary for the development of a particular cell type, tissue or organ
48
Meroblastic
cleavage divisions that are limited to a particular area of the embryo
49
Mesoderm
the middle germ layer, will form blood, heart, kidneys, gonads, bones, muscles and connective tissues
50
Micromere
small cell produced by unequal cleavage
51
Mid-blastula transition (MBT)
when the maternal division factors in the egg run out and the cells ‘switch’ to asynchronous division phase controlled by factors produced by the embryo
52
Morphallaxis
mode of regeneration that involves reorganising/re-patterning remaining tissues without new growth
53
Morphogen
signalling molecule that originates from a specific region of a tissue and spreads away to form a concentration gradient; recipient cell fates depend on concentration
54
Morphogenesis
the process of change in form (body shape) in the developing organism
55
Morula
solid ball of cells produced by cleavage divisions, before formation of the blastula
56
Mosaic (or autonomous) model of differentiation
term used to describe a pattern of development which is controlled mainly by differential partitioning of cytoplasmic determinants
57
Mulitpotent
cells that can give rise to many, but not all types of differentiated cell
58
Neural fold
folds arising from the neural plate that will eventually meet to form the neural tube
59
Neural plate
an area of thickened dorsal ectodermal tissue that gives rise to the vertebrate central nervous system
60
Neurulation
the process in vertebrates during which the future brain and spinal cord are formed
61
Notochord
a rod-like collection of cells in the dorsal mesoderm that send signals to form the neural tube; disappears before birth
62
Organogenesis
the formation of specific organs
63
Pattern formation
generation of order in the embryo; process by which cells acquire identity in an organised pattern
64
Cell differentiation
process by which cells become structurally and functionally distinct cell types
65
Phenotype
the visible or measurable characteristics of an organism
66
Phenotypic plasticity
flexible biological responses (inc. development) that permit optimal performance in different environments
67
Pluripotent
stem cells that can give rise to all types of differentiated cell found in an organism
68
Polyphenism
a phenotype for which there are a small number of possible outcomes
69
Positional information
molecular information, e.g. a signalling molecule, morphogen gradient etc., that can be interpreted by cells to provide the basis for pattern formation
70
Posterior
the tail end of an embryo
71
Preformation
theory by which all organs are already present in the early embryo
72
Primitive streak
line where cells begin movements marking the start of gastrulation in reptiles, birds and mammals
73
Polarity
the property of a cell, tissue, organ, etc. wherein one end is different from the other
74
Protostomes
organisms in which the primary invagination of the gut (blastopore) forms the mouth
75
Radial cleavage
– form of cleavage where divisions are at right angles to the surface of the egg
76
Reaction norm
a phenotype for which there is a continuous range of possible outcomes (i.e. min. and max. and any value in between)
77
Regulation
the ability of an embryo to develop normally even when parts are removed or rearranged; cells can change fates to compensate for missing parts
78
Somites
repeated blocks of mesoderm in embryos of segmented animals that give rise to different tissues, including the vertebral column and ribs in vertebrates
79
Specification
first step of commitment in differentiation. When specified, cells are capable of differentiation in isolation according to their normal fate
80
Stem cell
undifferentiated cell capable of self-renewal and the production of progenitors of differentiated cells
81
Stem cell niche
cells around a population of stem cells that provide the special conditions required to maintain stem cells
82
Teratogen
an environmental chemical or other agent that causes abnormal development
83
Totipotent
the capacity of a cell to form a whole new organism
84
Tripoblastic
organisms with 3 germ layers; animals with bilateral symmetry
85
Trophectoderm
the outer layer of cells in the mammalian blastocyst, will become part of the placenta after implantation
86
Unequal cleavage
an example could be frog embryo, which divides quicker in the animal hemisphere than in vegetal hemisphere
87
Vegetal pole
side of an animal egg where the yolk is located; opposite to the animal pole
88
Ventral
refers to the underside, or belly of an animal
89
Zygote
a fertilised egg

LEC.155 Developmental Biology (1 decks)

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