Embryology

Question 1

Induces ectoderm differentiation

Answer 1

Notochord

Question 2

Differentiates into neuroectoderm

Answer 2

Ectoderm

Question 3

Differentiates into neural plate

Answer 3

Neuroectoderm

Question 4

Gives rise to neural tube and neural crest cells

Answer 4

Neural plate

Question 5

Becomes nucleus pulposus of intervertebral disc in adults

Answer 5

Notochord

Question 6

Embryological structure that gives rise to dorsal sensory nerves

Answer 6

Alar plate

Question 7

Embryological structure that gives rise to ventral motor nerves

Answer 7

Basal plate

Question 8

Structures derived from telencephalon

Answer 8

Cerebral hemispheres and lateral ventricles

Question 9

Structures derived from myelencephalon

Answer 9

Medulla and lower fourth ventricle

Question 10

Structures derived from diencephalon

Answer 10

Thalamus, hypothalamus, third ventricle

Question 11

Structures derived from mesencephalon

Answer 11

Midbrain, aqueduct

Question 12

Structures derived from metencephalon

Answer 12

Pons, cerebellum, upper fourth ventricle

Question 13

Gives rise to telencephalon and diencephalon

Answer 13

Forebrain

Question 14

Gives rise to metencephalon and myelencephalon

Answer 14

Hindbrain

Question 15

Gives rise to mesencephalon

Answer 15

Midbrain

Question 16

Other name for forebrain

Answer 16

Prosencephalon

Question 17

Other name for midbrain

Answer 17

Mesencephalon

Question 18

Other name for hindbrain

Answer 18

Rhombencephalon

Question 19

Tissue microglia derived from

Answer 19

Mesoderm

Question 20

Cells derived from neural crest cells

Answer 20

Schwann cells and PNS neurons

Question 21

Lab findings in neural tube defects

Answer 21

Increased alpha-fetoprotein and AChE

Question 22

Mechanism of increased AChE in neural tube defects

Answer 22

AChE flows through defect into amniotic fluid

Question 23

Neural tube defects are associated with what

Answer 23

Low folate intake before and during pregnancy and maternal diabetes

Question 24

Mechanism of anencephaly

Answer 24

Failure of rostral neuropore to close

Question 25

Complications of anencephaly

Answer 25

Polyhydramnios, no forebrain and open calvarium

Question 26

Mechanism of spina bifida occulta

Answer 26

Failure of caudal neuropore to close

Question 27

Associated with tuft of hair or skin dimple at level of bony defect and no herniation

Answer 27

Spina bifida occulta

Question 28

Meninges herniate though bony defect, no neural tissue

Answer 28

Meningocele

Question 29

Neuropore that fails to close in meningocele

Answer 29

Caudal neuropore

Question 30

Meninges and neural tissue herniate through bony defect

Answer 30

Meningomyelocele

Question 31

Most common neural tube defect

Answer 31

Spina bifida occulta

Question 32

Neural tube defect associated with spina bifida cystica

Answer 32

Meningocele

Question 33

Neuropore that fails to close in meningomyelocele

Answer 33

Caudal neuropore

Question 34

Brain abnormality seen on MRI as monoventricle and fusion of basal ganglia

Answer 34

Holoprosencephaly

Question 35

Genetic defect associated with holoprosencephaly

Answer 35

Sonic hedgehog signaling pathway

Question 36

Findings in holoprosencephaly

Answer 36

Cleft lip/palate or cyclopia

Question 37

Trisomy associated with holoprosencephaly

Answer 37

Trisomy 13 (Patau syndrome)

Question 38

Malformation with herniation of cerebellar tonsils, usually asymptomatic in childhood

Answer 38

Chiari I malformation

Question 39

Spinal cord abnormality associated with Chiari I malformation

Answer 39

Syringomyelia

Question 40

Initial area of damage in Syringomyelia

Answer 40

Anterior white commissure causing bilateral loss of paint and temperature in upper extremities

Question 41

Manifests in adulthood with headaches and cerebellar symptoms and associated with syringomyelia

Answer 41

Chiari I malformation

Question 42

Presents with agenesis of cerebellar vermis, cystic enlargement of 4th ventricle and hydrocephalus

Answer 42

Dandy-Walker syndrome

Question 43

Neural tube disorder associated with Dandy-Walker syndrome

Answer 43

Spina bifida occulta

Question 44

Spina bifida patient with ataxia and non-communicating hydrocephalus has what other condition

Answer 44

Dandy-Walker syndrome

Question 45

Cystic cavity within central canal of spinal cord associated with Chiari I malformation

Answer 45

Syringomyelia

Question 46

Location of lesion in syringomyelia patient presenting with ptosis, miosis, and anhydrosis

Answer 46

Lateral horn

Question 47

Location of lesion in syringomyelia patient presenting with LMN deficits, atrophy, decreased muscle tone, and reflexes

Answer 47

Anterior horn

Question 48

Branchial arches forming anterior 2/3 of tongue

Answer 48

1st and 2nd branchial arches

Question 49

CN providing sensation to anterior 2/3 of tongue

Answer 49

CN V3

Question 50

CN providing taste to anterior 2/3 of tongue

Answer 50

CN VII

Question 51

Branchial arches forming posterior 1/3 of tongue

Answer 51

3rd and 4th branchial arches

Question 52

CNs providing most taste and sensation to posterior 1/3 of tongue

Answer 52

CN IX

Question 53

CNs providing taste and sensation to extreme posterior part of tongue

Answer 53

CN X

Question 54

CNs that are motor to tongue

Answer 54

CNs X and XII

Question 55

CNs that sense pain for tongue

Answer 55

CNs V3, IX, X

Question 56

CNs that sense taste for tongue

Answer 56

CNs VII, IX, X

Question 57

Muscle that retracts and depresses tongue

Answer 57

Hyoglossus

Question 58

CN providing motor innervation to hyoglossus

Answer 58

CN XII

Question 59

Muscle that protrudes tongue

Answer 59

Genioglossus

Question 60

CN providing motor innervation to genioglossus

Answer 60

CN XII

Question 61

Muscle that draws sides of tongue upward creating a trough for swallowing

Answer 61

Styloglossus

Question 62

CN providing motor innervation to styloglossus

Answer 62

CN XII

Question 63

Tongue muscles innervated by CN XII

Answer 63

Hyoglossus, genioglossus, styloglossus

Question 64

Muscle that elevates posterior tongue during swallowing

Answer 64

Palatoglossus

Question 65

CN proving motor innervation to palatoglossus

Answer 65

CN X